MOS 2181 9-10

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in an employee’s knowledge or skill that results from experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem

Answer 2

Decision Making

Question 3

The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices

Answer 3

Expertise

Question 4

Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone

Answer 4

Explicit Knowledge

Question 5

Knowledge that employees can only learn through experience

Answer 5

Tacit Knowledge

Question 6

Four specific consequences used by organizations to modify employee behaviour

Answer 6

Contingencies of reinforcement

Question 7

A reinforcement contingency in which a positive outcome follows a desired behaviour

Answer 7

positive reinforcement

Question 8

A reinforcement contingency in which an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behaviour

Answer 8

Negative reinforcement

Question 9

An unwanted outcome that follows an unwanted behaviour

Answer 9

Punishment

Question 10

The removal of a positive outcome following an unwanted behaviour

Answer 10

Extinction

Question 11

The timing of when contingencies are applied or removed

Answer 11

Schedules of reinforcement

Question 12

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a certain behaviour

Answer 12

Continuous reinforcement

Question 13

A schedule whereby reinforcement occurs at fixed time periods

Answer 13

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 14

A schedule whereby reinforcement occurs at random periods of time

Answer 14

Variable-interval schedule

Question 15

A schedule whereby reinforcement occurs following a fixed number of desired behaviour

Answer 15

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 16

A schedule whereby behaviours are reinforced after a varying number of them have been exhibited

Answer 16

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 17

Theory that argues that people in organizations learn by observing others

Answer 17

Social Learning Theory

Question 18

Employees’ observing the actions of others, learning form what they observe, and then repeating the observed behaviour (2)

Answer 18

Behavioural modelling

Behavioural modelling training

Question 19

A predisposition or attitude according to which building competence is deemed more important by an employee than demonstrating competence

Answer 19

Learning orientation

Question 20

A predisposition or attitude by which employees focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favourably of them

Answer 20

Performance-prove orientation

Question 21

A predisposition or attitude by which employees focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them

Answer 21

Performance-avoid orientation

Question 22

Decisions that are somewhat automatic b/c the decision maker’s knowledge allows him/her to recognize situation and the course of action to be taken

Answer 22

Programmed decisions

Question 23

An emotional judgement based on quick, unconscious gut feelings

Answer 23

intuition

Question 24

A change - sudden or evolving - that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immmediately

Answer 24

Crisis situation

Question 25

(One) [decisions] made by employees when a problem is new, complex, or not recognized

Answer 25

Non-programmed decision

Question 26

A step-by-step approach to making decisions that is designed to maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives

Answer 26

Rational decision-making model

Question 27

The notion that people do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives when making a decision

Answer 27

Bounded rationality

Question 28

What a decision maker is doing who chooses the first acceptable alternative considered

Answer 28

Satisficing

Question 29

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations

Answer 29

Selective perception

Question 30

The faulty perception by decision makers that others think, feel, and act as they do

Answer 30

``` Projection bias ("I never do that - that's unethical") ("They'd never do that - that's unethical") ```

Question 31

A theory that people identify themselves according to the various groups to which they belong and judge others according to the groups they associate with

Answer 31

Social Identity Theory

Question 32

Assumptions made about others based on their social group memberships

Answer 32

Stereotype

Question 33

Simple and efficient rules of thumb that allow one to make decisions more easily

Answer 33

Heuristics

Question 34

The tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is easier to recall

Answer 34

Availability bias

Question 35

The tendency for people to judge others' behaviours as being due to internal factors such as ability, motivation, or attitudes

Answer 35

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 36

When one's attributes one's own failures to external factors and success to internal factors

Answer 36

Self-serving bias

Question 37

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether other individuals behave the same way under similar circumstances

Answer 37

Consensus

Question 38

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether the person being judged acts in a similar fashion under different circumstances

Answer 38

Distinctiveness

Question 39

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether this individual has behaved this way before under similar circumstances

Answer 39

Consistency

Question 40

A common decision-making error, in which the decision maker continues to follow a failing course of action

Answer 40

escalation of commitment

Question 41

A systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behaviour

Answer 41

Training

Question 42

The exchange of knowledge between employees

Answer 42

Knowledge Transfer

Question 43

Groups of employees who learn from one another through collaboration over an extended period of time

Answer 43

Communities of practice

Question 44

Occurs when employees retain and demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and behaviours required for the job after training ends

Answer 44

Transfer of training

Question 45

An organizational environment that supports the use of new skills

Answer 45

Climate for transfer

Question 46

The process by which information and meaning is transferred from a sender to a receiver

Answer 46

Communication

Question 47

The exchange of information and meaning when one or more individuals are physically present, and where communication occurs without the aid of any mediating technology

Answer 47

face-to-face communication

Question 48

A form of communication win which messages are sent and received using written and spoken language

Answer 48

Verbal Communication

Question 49

Any form of information exchange that doesn't involve spoken or written words

Answer 49

Nonverbal communication

Question 50

The exchange of information and meaning using an electronic, digital medium

Answer 50

Computer-mediated communication

Question 51

Describes websites and applications through which users actively interact, create, collaborate, and communicate

Answer 51

Web 2.0

Question 52

A popular method of exchanging written digital messages from an author to one or more recipients

Answer 52

email

Question 53

A communication medium that permits real-time, live interaction and discussion between remote individuals or groups via satellite or Internet

Answer 53

Videoconferencing

Question 54

A highly flexible Web 2.0 applications that allows people to quickly exchange verbal information, and collaboratively solve problems, learn, manage projects, and create knowledge

Answer 54

Wiki

Question 55

The ability of communicators to encode and interpret messages

Answer 55

Communicator competence

Question 56

Disturbing or distracting stimuli that block or interfere with the transmission of a message

Answer 56

noise

Question 57

The amount and depth of the information transmitted in a message

Answer 57

Information Richness

Question 58

Different ways men and women tend to process and interpret information and communicate with others

Answer 58

Gender differences

Question 59

A state in which individuals can express themselves freely without being observed, recorded, or disturbed by other, unauthorized individuals or groups

Answer 59

Privacy

Question 60

Communication that flows from the top to the bottom of the vertical channel

Answer 60

Downward communication

Question 61

Communication that flows from the bottom to the top of the vertical channel

Answer 61

Upward communication

Question 62

Communication that flows among members of work groups, teams, or functional units who reside at the same level in the organization

Answer 62

Horizontal Communication

Question 63

A communication network in which any member can send and receive messages from any other

Answer 63

All-channel network structure

Question 64

A communication network in which members send and receive messages from individuals who are immediately adjacent to them

Answer 64

Circle network structure

Question 65

A communication network in which information is passed from member to member from one end of the chain to the other

Answer 65

Chain network structure

Question 66

A communication network in which on member controls the flow of information between one set of members and another

Answer 66

Y network structure

Question 67

A communication network in which all communications between members is controlled by a single member

Answer 67

Wheel network structure

Question 68

Spontaneous and emergent patterns of communications that result from the choices individuals make on their own

Answer 68

Informal communication networks

Question 69

The primary informal communication network within an organization

Answer 69

Grapevine

Question 70

Messages that travel along the grapevine that lack evidence as to their truth or validity

Answer 70

Rumours

Question 71

Rumours about other people

Answer 71

Gossip

Question 72

A form of downward communication in which the supervisor provides information to a subordinate about his or her job performance

Answer 72

Supervisor feedback

Question 73

A conversation initiated by one or more people to gather information and evaluate the qualifications of the applicant for a job

Answer 73

Job interview

Question 74

The extent to which the selection procedure (ex. job interview) is free from random error

Answer 74

Reliability

Question 75

The extent to which the selection procedure (ex. job interview) predicts future job performance

Answer 75

predictive validity