Mosby's Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the single most important factor in ensuring accuracy and success of the test results?

Answer 1

Patient Education

Question 2

What is used to code and classify disease?

Answer 2

ICD-CM

Question 3

What is used to code inpatient procedures?

Answer 3

ICD-PCS

Question 4

What do most laboratory diagnostic tests use?

Answer 4

Serologic and Immunologic reactions between antibody and an antigen

Question 5

What is precipitation?

Answer 5

Visible expression of the aggregation of soluble antigens

Question 6

What is agglutination?

Answer 6

Visible expression of the aggregation of particulate antigens or antibodies

Question 7

What indicates greater concentrations of the antibody or antigen?

Answer 7

persistent precipitation or agglutination as the specimen is diluted

Question 8

What is Latex agglutination?

Answer 8

latex beads are coated with antibody molecules and when mixed with a specimen containing a particular antigen, the beads become visible due to agglutination

Question 9

What is identified using Latex agglutination?

Answer 9

C-reactive proteins

Question 10

What is alternative latex agglutination?

Answer 10

latex beads are coated with antigen instead of antibodies

Question 11

What is alternative latex agglutination testing used for?

Answer 11

pregnancy testing

rubella testing

Question 12

What is agglutination inhibition?

Answer 12

Patients specimen is incubated with the anti molecule being looked for (example, anti-hCG for hCG)

Latex particles are coated with the molecule being looked for and added to the specimen

If the specimen contains the molecule, no agglutination will occur

Question 13

What is hemagglutination used for?

Answer 13

Identifies antibodies to antigens on the cell surface of red blood cells

Question 14

Is RBC agglutination available in hemagglutination?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What testing uses hemagglutination?

Answer 15

Blood typing

Question 16

What is immunoelectrophoresis?

Answer 16

allows previously electrophoresed proteins to act as antigens to which known specific antibodies are added

Question 17

What is immunoelectrophoresis used to identify?

Answer 17

Gammopathies
Hemoglobinopathies
Bence Jones Proteins

Question 18

What is immunofixation electrophoresis?

Answer 18

specific known antibody is added to a previously electrophoresed specimen and the antigen/antibody complexes become fixed to the electrophoresis gel medium and are then stained

Question 19

What does ELISA stand for?

Answer 19

Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay

Question 20

What is ELISA used to detect?

Answer 20

detects antigens or antibodies by producing an ezyme triggered color change

Question 21

What is ELISA used to test for?

Answer 21

HIV
Hepatitis
Cytomegalovirus

Question 22

What is autoimmune enzyme immunoassays used to test for and how does it do this?

Answer 22

antinuclear antibodies and uses serial dilution with wells and color change

Question 23

What is chemiluminescent Immunoassays?

Answer 23

chemiluminescent labels are attached to an antibody or antigen; light emission produced by the immunologic reaction is then measured

Question 24

What is chemiluminescent immunoassays used to detect?

Answer 24

Proteins
Viruses
Nucleic Acid Sequences associated with disease

Question 25

What are chemiluminescent immunoassays typically used in?

Answer 25

automated immunoassays

Question 26

What is fluorescent Immunoassays?

Answer 26

antibodies are labeled with fluorescein and allowed to bind to either antigen or antiimmunoglobins; put under fluorescent microscope, the fluorescein with appear yellow/green

Question 27

What are fluorescent immunoassays used to test for?

Answer 27

Neisseria gonorrhea | antinuclear antibodies

Question 28

What does nephelometry depend on?

Answer 28

light-scattering properties of antigen/antibody complexes as light passes through the test medium

Question 29

What is measured using nephelometry?

Answer 29

Automated C-reactive protein Alpha antitrypsin Haptoglobins Immunoglobins

Question 30

What is PCR used to test for?

Answer 30

Diseases caused by gene mutation Identifying and quantifying infectious agents like HPV or HIV Identifying acquired genetic changes that may be present in hematologic malignancies or colon cancer

Question 31

What is used in PCR?

Answer 31

a short DNA "primer" sequence or RNA primer if its reverse transcription PCR

Question 32

What is Fluoresence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)?

Answer 32

identifies exact location of of complementary DNA sequence being targeted with nucleic probes

Question 33

What specimens do standard precautions apply to?

Answer 33

``` Blood Body Fluids Tissues Serous Fluids (pleural, peritoneal, amniotic, CSF, synovial) Semen and vaginal secretions ```

Question 34

What do standard precautions require use of?

Answer 34

protective barriers

Question 35

What is the fundamental principle of standard precautions?

Answer 35

frequent handwashing between patients and when gloves are changed

Question 36

Which studies are most accurate if the patient has been on NPO for a few hours beforehand?

Answer 36

Barium Enema Colonoscopy Upper GI series IVP

Question 37

What variables can affect test results?

Answer 37

``` Age Gender Race Pregnancy Food Ingestion Posture ```