Motivation (119-127)

Question 1

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 1

Being motivated by internal factors rather than external rewards. Performers take part in sport for their enjoyment and to perform well.

Question 2

What are the three parts to intrinsic motivation? (ASK)

Answer 2

1. Accomplishments- they are motivated to improve their performance
2. Stimulation- athletes experience an adrenaline rush which makes them feel good.
3. Knowledge- athletes wish to improve their knowledge to make their performance better and master new skills.

Question 3

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

Being motivated by external rewards- money, trophies, praise and recognition.

Question 4

What are tangible rewards?

Answer 4

physical rewards- trophies or money.

Question 5

What are intangible rewards?

Answer 5

non-physical rewards- praise or recognition.

Question 6

Why can extrinsic motivation be dangerous?

Answer 6

they will be less motivated with by intrinsic motivation, in which may lead to them becoming uninterested.

Question 7

What is amotivation?

Answer 7

when athletes have very low levels of motivation and they don’t know why they participate in their sport and don’t see their purpose.

Question 8

Who was the achievement motivation theory proposed by?

Answer 8

McClelland in 1961

Question 9

What was McClelland proposal about motivation?

Answer 9

that motivation is determined by the athletes personality and their drive to succeed.

Question 10

What 2 categories did McClelland catogerise for athletes?

Answer 10

1. need to achieve (nAch)
2. need to avoid failure (naF)

Question 11

What are the characteristics of need to achieve athletes?

Answer 11

-persistance
-welcome to a challenge
-take risks
-value feedback
-optimistic
-confident
-attribute performance to internal factors.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of need to avoid failure?

Answer 12

-afraid to fail
-don’t take risks
-give up if unsuccessful
-don’t want feedback
-attribute performance to external factors.

Question 13

Who proposed the achievement goal theory? (AGT)

Answer 13

Nicholls, 1984

Question 14

What is the AGT split in to?

Answer 14

1. task orientated
2. ego-orientated

Question 15

What is task-orientated?

Answer 15

when athletes want to improve their ability and show the importance of learning.
They compare their own performance with their previous performance and focus more on personal performance.
They look for the challenge and put in maximum effort.

Question 16

What is ego-orientated?

Answer 16

when athletes are more focused on comparing their performance to others and being the best. They want to prove their own ability.

Question 17

Who proposed the self determination theory? (STD)

Answer 17

Edward L Deci, 1985

Question 18

What does the STD consider, suggest, focus and assume?

Answer 18

Considers… the motivation behind choices

Suggests…. athletes are motivated to grow and change because of their own psychological factors

Focuses… on their own intrinsic motivation

Assumes… athletes are actively directed towards growth.

Question 19

What can SDT help psychologists to understand?

Answer 19

-why athletes stick to exercise regimes

-why they drop out of their sports

-how to maintain psychological well-being in coaches and athletes.

Question 20

What can SDT help sportspeople to do?

Answer 20

-master challenging skills and gain experience

-develop a cohesive sense of self.

Question 21

What are the 3 psychological needs that the SDT states and athlete should have to stay motivated? CAR

Answer 21

Competence- their need to complete a task to their desired ability.

Autonomy- the need to have the choice about what is happening in our lives.

Relatedness- the need to belong/close relationships between others.

Question 22

When was the Weiner’s attribution theory proposed?

Answer 22

1974

Question 23

What can Weiner’s attribution theory explain?

Answer 23

the success or failure in sport

Question 24

What categories may a coach/athlete explain success or failure in? CCS

Answer 24

Causality= the reason comes from something
(internal- “I did’nt put as much effort in”)
(external-“the player I was against was too good”)

Control= Under participants control or not?
(under control-“I trained really hard to win the race”)
(not under control-“the other runners weren’t as good as me”)

Stability= stable or unstable?
(stable-“I used a great skill to score”)
(unstable-“that goal was a fluke”)

Question 25

What can the attribution theory help to do?

Answer 25

it can help sport coaches to understand motivation and future expectations of success and failure.

Question 26

What does positive coaching do?

Answer 26

Increases motivation. Praises, positive feedback and enthusiasm can lead athletes to perform well and want to continue their sport.

Question 27

What does negative coaching do?

Answer 27

Decreases motivation. Lack of praise and negative feedback can lead to athletes having a lack of performance and can lose their enjoyment for the sport they play.

Question 28

What are the benefits of mastery climate?

Answer 28

-success -mastering task -improves athletes performance, effort and learning techniques. -athletes receive positive reinforcement .

Question 29

Why isn't competitive climate good?

Answer 29

-athletes won't put in as much effort -it focuses on outcome -athletes fear punishment if they don't win -athletes are encouraged to compete against each other with only the best receiving attention.

Question 30

What is TARGET?

Answer 30

a way to keep athletes motivated? Task- use a range of tasks to keep athletes motivated Authority- to allow athletes to monitor and evaluate their own progress, decisions and performance Rewards- offer rewards Grouping- allow athletes in group to develop skills Evaluation- ask questions Timing- allow timing of activities is effective.

Question 31

What is motivation influenced by?

Answer 31

friends family peers personality physical environment

Question 32

How can an athletes personality traits and social learning influence motivation?

Answer 32

-NACH -NAF An athletes social learning can be influenced by what they see others doing/being modelled and they believe it's acceptable.

Question 33

How can an athletes family and peers influence motivation?

Answer 33

-they may want to make them proud with intrinsic motivation needed for them to be successful. -it can also be negatively influenced by wanting to appear 'cool'. However, they are more likely to participate if they have encouragement, positive experiences, increased confidence and someone to join in with.

Question 34

How can an athletes physical environment influence motivation?

Answer 34

-not being able to access good-quality equipment/facilities -broken/ out-of-date equipment -not being able to afford to do the sport.

Question 35

What are the signs of over-motivation?

Answer 35

-loss of love for the sport -training addiction -social withdrawal -mood swings -lack of enjoyment -boredom -over training

Question 36

What is overtraining?

Answer 36

an excessive training load that an athlete can't cope with. Strength and endurance can decrease and can lead to burnout and injuries.

Question 37

What can happen to athletes that are addicted to overtraining?

Answer 37

-be addicted to the feeling created by endorphins that are released -experience health problems -claim that they don't need to rest, sleep or eat and they see this as healthy behaviours.

Question 38

When can social withdrawal happen?

Answer 38

When an athlete is suffering from a training addiction and is to motivated with the desire to win and often become isolated.

Question 39

What are 3 ways that you can tackle over-motivation?

Answer 39

-realistic goals -rest/sleep -boundries

Question 40

What are the effects of over-motivation?

Answer 40

Decrement in performance Overconfidence Burnout Injury

Question 41

When does decrement happen?

Answer 41

when athletes are over motivated that their training becomes less effective. This means that they may not be bale to maintain their level of performance and can lead to mood swings and depression.

Question 42

How can you tackle decrement?

Answer 42

by updating training programmes regularly so that the athlete feels motivated and excited to train.

Question 43

What can over-confidence lead to?

Answer 43

Failure- as an athlete may believe they can do something even when they can't. May result in them performing at a lower level.

Question 44

How can you table over-confidence?

Answer 44

By correct performance information and for athletes to remain realistic about their ability.

Question 45

When may an athlete become burnt out?

Answer 45

-when an athlete keeps trying to achieve the demands of training and competition despite being unsuccessful -increased stress levels, can also result in injury -exhaustion, mental and physical, which can also result in injuries.

Question 46

How can you tackle burnout?

Answer 46

by adjusting the training programme. and to include rest and recuperation time.

Question 47

What injuries can over-motivation lead to?

Answer 47

physical and psychological injuries.

Question 48

How can you tackle injuries?

Answer 48

for athletes to understand the time scale for their recovery and what the best option is to continue their training without causing further damage or recovery time.