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Motivation Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

what is motivation

A

an internal force that drives behaviour to maintain a balanced physiological state

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2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

physiological balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic

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3
Q

what are some universal motivations in animals

A

feeding, drinking, reproduction

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4
Q

what are the two key phases of motivated behaviour

A

appetitive phase, consummatory phase

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5
Q

what is the appetitive phase

A

seeking behaviour

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6
Q

what is appetitive phase driven by

A

incentives

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7
Q

what is consummatory phase

A

fulfilment of need

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8
Q

what does one receive in consummatory phase

A

reward

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9
Q

what is the instinct theory (James, McDougall)

A

motivation arises from innate instincts (automatic and unlearned)

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10
Q

what is drive theory (Clark, Hull)

A

behaviour is motivated by the desire to reduce internal drives, maintaining homeostasis

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11
Q

when does the drive theory come into play

A

hunger, thirst

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12
Q

criticism of drive theory

A

not all behaviours serve to restore balance (e.g. eating desert when full)

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13
Q

what is incentive theory (Bindra, 1978)

A

behaviour is motivated by external rewards or incentives

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14
Q

examples of external rewards

A

money, praise

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15
Q

what brain areas are involved in motivation (Schmidt et al., 2012)

A
  • cortical networks
  • basal ganglia
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16
Q

cortical networks role in motivation

A

p (sensitive to incentives)

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17
Q

basal ganglia role in motivation

A

reward response

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18
Q

what does caudate and putamen do for motivation

A

focuses attention, inhibits distractions,

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19
Q

what is the caudate nucleus

A

a c shaped structure that curves around the thalamus

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20
Q

what is the caudate nucleus involved in

A

goal directed actions and learning

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21
Q

what is the putamen

A

located next to the caudate; more involved in motor control and habit formation

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22
Q

what is the striatum

A

the main input centre in the basal ganglia

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23
Q

what are the caudate and putamen called together

A

the striatum

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24
Q

what is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

a reward system starting in the VTA and ending in the NA, linked to reward seeking behaviour

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25
what is the VTA
ventral tegmental area
26
what is the NA
nucleus accumbens
27
what does dopamine do in motivation
increases the likelihood of engaging in behaviour by enhancing the appeal of incentives
28
what role does the amygdala play in motivation
attributes motivational value to stimuli
29
what happens when the amygdala is lesioned (McDonald & White, 1993)
rats become motivationally indifferent-- less driven to pursue rewards
30
what happens with electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalumus in rats
rats engage in motivated behaviours like eating and exploration
31
32
what is intracranial self stimulation
behaviour triggered by electrical stimulation of brain reward centres (e.g. hypothalamus)
33
what is satiety
the absence of hunger
34
what are signals of satiety
stomach distention, chewing, nutrient detection
35
what evidence supports blood-borne hunger signals
Davis et al. (1969) showed that hungry rats injected with satiated blood did not eat
36
what is the glucostatic theory (Mayer, 1955)
hunger occurs when glucose availability drops; satiety occurs when its stored
37
what are glucostats
glucose-sensitive cells in the brain and liver that detect changes in glucose metabolism
38
what happens when glucostats are destroyed (eg. gold thioglucose in mice)
mice overeat and become obese due to impaired satiety signalling (damage to VMH)
39
what does the dual centre set point mode (Stellar, 1954) propose
LH - hunger centre VMH - satiety centre
40
what is the LH
lateral hypothalamus
41
what is the VMH
ventromedial hypothalamus
42
when is LH activated
when energy is low
43
when is ventromedial hypothalamus activated
when energy is sufficient
44
what is a set point in dual centre set point model (Stellar, 1954)
a biologically determined weight range that the body tries to maintain
45
what happens as a result of LH lesion
aphagia
46
what happens as a result of a VMH lesion
hyperphagia
47
what is aphagia
won't eat
48
what is hyperphagia
overeat
49
what is anorexia nervosa
chronic under eating and extreme thinness
50
implications of anorexia nervosa
hypothalamic dysregulation, hormone changes, psychological factors
51
what is obesity
BW 20% above ideal
52
is there a genetic factor in obesity
yes
53
what are the two types of thirst
-osmotic -hypovolemic
54
what causes osmotic thirst
from salty foods (cellular dehydration)
55
what causes hypovolemic thirst
fluid loss (blood, sweat)
56
what detects thirst signals
osmoreceptors near the hypothalamus
57
what is thermoregulation
the process of maintaining a constant internal body temperature
58
what are endotherms
generate internal heat
59
what are ectotherms
regulate temperature via the environment
60
example of endotherm species
humans
61
example of ectotherm species
reptiles
62
what are warm neurons
increase firing as temperature rises
63
what are cold neurons
increase firing as temperature drops
64
which brain region is linked to temperature regulation
pre optic area of the hypothalamus (Gordon and Heath, 1986)
65
what is the ideal temperature for brain function (Trastoy & Schuller, 2018)
36 to 38 degrees celsius, supports synaptic transmission
66
67
what temperature is hyperthermia
above 40-42 degrees celsius
68
what happens as a result of hyperthermia
protein denaturation, synaptic disruption, neuronal death
69
what temp. is hypothermia
below 30-32 degrees celsius
70
what happens asa. result of hypothermia
slowed neurotransmission, reduced metabolism and electrical activity
71
what is aggression
threatening or destructive behaviour
72
what are the two types of aggression
-impulsive -premeditated
73
what biological factors are associated Wirth aggression
1. hormones 2. NTs 3. PFC
74
what hormones are associated with aggression
high testosterone
75
what NT is linked to aggression
low serotonin = more aggression
76
what role does PFC play in aggression
controls aggressive impulses
77
what did Dabbs et al (1995) find
higher testosterone in men convicted of violent crimes, lead to prison rule-breaking
78
what brain areas are involved in aggression
medial hypothalumus lateral hypothalumus
79
what role does medial hypothalumus play in aggression
defensive rage
80
what role does lateral hypothalumus play in aggression
predatory aggression (Siegal & Victoroff, 2009)
81
tumors in which areas = more aggression (Moyer, 1986)
anterior hypothalumus, amygdala, or septum
82
what do the findings of Moyer, 1986 infer
these areas (anterior hypothalumus, amygdala, septum) may inhibit aggression
83
what are exploratory behaviours linked to
novelty seeking
84
what pathway does novelty seeking involve
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
85
what brain area is involved in exploratory behaviours
hippocampus
86
what social behaviours are motivated
nurturance (maternal behaviour, dopamine linked) attachmen/isolation (involves opioid systems)
87
what is the amygdala
almond shaped structure located deep within the temporal lobes
88
functions of amygdala
processing emotions, fight or flight
89
what is the origin of dopamine neurons
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
90
what is the main brain site for reward experiences (pleasure centre)
Nucleus Accumbens (NA)
91
what role does amygdala and hippocampus play in motivation
assign emotion and memory to rewards
92
what is considered the central reward hub
NA
93
what are osmoreceptors
specialised neurons which detect changes in the osmolarity (concentration of solutes) in the blood
94
what is osmolarity
how salty or concentrated the blood is
95
function of osmoreceptors
when blood becomes too concentrated, osmoreceptors trigger thirst response and release ADH to conserve water
96
what is ADH
anti diuretic hormone
97
where are osmoreceptors found
areas in the hypothalumus such as the OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis), near the third ventricle
98
what do osmoreceptors maintain
fluid homeostasis
99
why does sweating occur
to regulate body temperature
100
what motivation is common to all species
social contact
101
if someone never feels full from eating, which brain area is damaged
ventromedial hypothalumus

Biological (9 decks)

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