Motivation

Question 1

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 1

ganglion cells send signals to this to determine if it is light out
- lesions lead to disrupting sleep patterns

Question 2

melatonin

Answer 2

pineal body secretes melatonin from SCN projections

• induces fatigue and sedation
• sleeping pills include this but do not form a tolerance

Question 3

slow wave sleep

Answer 3

• 4 stages, progressively larger amplitudes
• cortical lobes detach during slow wave
• mild muscle tone
• no dreams

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

• 5th stage
• awake EEG
• rapid eye movements
• muscle tone lost, if you have lesion= can lead to sleep walking

Question 5

cerveau isole

Answer 5

isolation from the forebrain and brainstem leads to permanent sleep
- brainstem wakes up brain

Question 6

reticular system

Answer 6

after a man was stimulated by electricity in the vagus nerve continuously, it activate reticular system and cortex

Question 7

raphe nuclei

Answer 7

electrical stimulation of this triggers sleep
- contains serotonin NT
lesion= can lead to temporary abolishment of sleep

Question 8

basal forebrain GABA

Answer 8

promotes sleep, inhibiting arousal neurons

Question 9

tubermammillary nucleus

Answer 9

arousal neurons are found here

Question 10

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 10

hypocretin in this promotes waking

Question 11

Orexin/hypocretin

Answer 11

promote waking, inhibited in narcalepsy

Question 12

PGO spike

Answer 12

pontine, geniculate, and occipital cortex= generate eye movement

Question 13

hypovolemic thirst

Answer 13

• low blood volume, water deprivation, perspiration (heat thirst), injury thirst

Question 14

process of hypovolemic thirst

Answer 14

1. drop in blood pressure is detected
2. Renin secretion by kidneys (neuroendocrine relex)
3. Angiotensin II produced in blood
4. Angiotensin II enters brain and causes thirst
5. Angiotensin II enters Circumventricular organs (places without blood brain barrier)
   -Hypothalamus and OVLT
   Bp.R.Pr.B.Co

Question 15

hyperosmotic thirst

Answer 15

• water deprivation, salty foods

- hypertonic extracellular fluid pull water from neurons

Question 16

hunger

Answer 16

- lateral hypothalamus is center of hunger
functions:
- monitors body fuels
- taste pleasure
- incentive wanting
lesions- aphagia (no eating)

Question 17

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 17

lesions

• hyperphagia ( overeating)
• enhanced metabolism: hyperinsulinemia leads to storage of more fat

Question 18

hypothalamic peptides

Answer 18

• satiety hormones (leptin)

- hunger (ghrelin)

Question 19

leptin

Answer 19

without this, become obese

Question 20

ghrelin

Answer 20

promotes eating, stomach hormone secreted before eating

Question 21

POMC-CART neurons

Answer 21

satiety

- stimulated and then produce leptin

Question 22

NPY-AGRP neurons

Answer 22

Hunger

- ghrelin stimulates

Question 23

norepinephrine pathway

Answer 23

lesion= hyperphagia
agonists= diet drugs

Question 24

serotonin pathway

Answer 24

supresses feeding

-

Question 25

neuropeptide pathway

Answer 25

triggers feeding | - inhibited by leptin

Question 26

estrogen

Answer 26

can become masculinized by abundance of estrogen in bloodstream

Question 27

testosterone

Answer 27

can cross the blood brain barrier and turned into estrogen

Question 28

alpha feto protein

Answer 28

binds to estrogen causing it to not cross blood brain barrier

Question 29

freemartin

Answer 29

female with male in utero can experience masculinization

Question 30

medial anterior hypothalamus

Answer 30

lesion - disrupt lordosis in genetic females stimulation: leads to lordosis

Question 31

preoptic area

Answer 31

lesion - disrupts male sexual behavior stimulation - triggers male sexual behavior

Question 32

preoptic INAH-3

Answer 32

- larger in men | - larger in heterosexuals

Question 33

septum

Answer 33

lesions - septal rage - stop septal rage with adding amygdala lesion as well stimulation= rabies

Question 34

amygdala

Answer 34

lesion | - septal lesions disinhibit the amygdala

Question 35

kluver bucy syndrom

Answer 35

especially aggressive | - large lesion of temporal lobe led to no aggression at all

Question 36

hyperorality

Answer 36

pick things up and put them in their mouth

Question 37

hypersexuality

Answer 37

- some would show sexual behavior to females in and out of estrus

Question 38

ACTH secretion

Answer 38

pituitary trigger for stress axis

Question 39

CRF secretion

Answer 39

brain trigger, glucorticoid hormones