Motivation Flashcards
(29 cards)
Who’s theory is the instinct theory?
McDougall, 1908
What is the instinct theory of motivation?
All organisms are born with innate responses that motivate behaviour. e.g. hunger = eating
What is Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory?
Physical disruptions to homeostasis produce drives. The goal of motivated behaviour is to reduce these drives.
What are drives?
States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.
What are primary drives?
Fulfilment of biological drives (e.g. hunger, thirst)
What are secondary drives?
Fulfilment of learned drives (conditioning). (e.g. going to work/school).
What is the behavioural activation system?
Produces movement towards positive goals in anticipation of pleasure
What is the behavioural inhibition system?
Produces fear and escape/avoidant behaviours
What are incentives?
Environmental stimuli that pull an organism toward a goal? e.g. anticipation of a good grade is an incentive for studying
What is extrinsic motivation?
Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment (e.g. student studying to get a good grade)
What is intrinsic motivation?
Performing an activity for its own sake (e.g. student studying to learn) [Cameron and Pierce, 1994]
How does Maslow describe motivation?
Humans strive for self-actualisation. In order to achieve this, humans must achieve personal growth goals, motivated by the need perfect ourselves mentally, artistically, emotionally and socially. We strive to reach our potential to receive lifelong benefits.
Describe Deci’s study/
Deci (1971, 72, 73) asked students to complete a soma puzzle. Experimental group offered money, control offered nothing. Experimental group spent less time on the puzzle when the experimenter was not around.
What is Ryan and Deci’s (2000) self-determination theory?
The theory focuses on 3 fundamental psychological needs - competence, autonomy and relatedness - and how they relate to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
What is competence motivation?
The basic human need to experience oneself as capable, to master new challenges and to perfect skills. Motivates exploratory and growth-inducing behaviours.
What is autonomy motivation?
The need for one to experience their actions as a result of free choice without external interference. This motivates a greater self-ownership of behaviours and feelings.
What is relatedness motivation?
The need to form meaningful bonds with others.
Describe Cannon and Washburn’s findings of the stomach
Stomach contractions send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. This motivates us to eat (1912)
What were Mayer’s (1955) findings?
Humans are motivated to eat when blood glucose level is low.
What does high nAch involve?
People with high nAch pick activities that require planning, are moderately difficult or risky, and take individual responsibility for the outcome
What is mastery orientation?
The focus on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills.
What is ego/performance orientation?
Goal to outperform others with as little effort as possible
What are mastery-approach goals?
Goals with higher intrinsic motivation (e.g. student wanting to learn as much as possible from a class)
What are mastery-avoidant goals?
Goals that are motivated by the fear of not performing up to one’s own standard (e.g. student’s goal is to avoid learning too little)
