Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

the process by which activities are
started, directed, and continued so
that physical or psychological needs or
wants are met.

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

type of motivation in which a person
performs an action because it leads to
an outcome that is separate from or
external to the person.

Answer 2

extrinsic motivation

Question 3

type of motivation in which a person
performs an action because the act
itself is rewarding or satisfying in
some internal manner.

Answer 3

intrinsic motivation

Question 4

the biologically determined and innate
patterns of behavior that exist in both
people and animals.

Answer 4

instincts

Question 5

a requirement of some material (such
as food or water) that is essential for
survival of the organism

Answer 5

need

Question 6

a psychological tension and physical
arousal arising when there is a need
that motivates the organism to act in
order to fulfill the need and reduce the
tension.

Answer 6

drive

Question 7

approach to motivation that assumes
behavior arises from physiological
needs that cause internal drives to
push the organism to satisfy the need
and reduce tension and arousal.

Answer 7

drive-reduction theory

Question 8

those drives that involve needs of the
body such as hunger and thirst.

Answer 8

primary drives

Question 9

those drives that are learned through
experience or conditioning, such as
the need for money or social approval.

Answer 9

acquired (secondary) drives

Question 10

the tendency of the body to maintain a
steady state.

Answer 10

homeostasis

Question 11

the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.

Answer 11

need for affiliation (nAff)

Question 12

the need to have control or influence
over others.

Answer 12

need for power (nPow)

Question 13

a need that involves a strong desire
to succeed in attaining goals, not only
realistic ones but also challenging ones

Answer 13

need for achievement (nAch)

Question 14

a motive that appears to be unlearned
but causes an increase in stimulation,
such as curiosity.

Answer 14

stimulus motive

Question 15

theory of motivation in which people
are said to have an optimal (best or
ideal) level of tension that they seek to
maintain by increasing or decreasing
stimulation.

Answer 15

arousal theory

Question 16

law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to
better performance; when tasks are
difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to
better performance.

Answer 16

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 17

someone who needs more arousal
than the average person.

Answer 17

sensation seeker

Question 18

things that attract or lure people into
action.

Answer 18

incentives

Question 19

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the
external stimulus and its rewarding
properties.

Answer 19

incentive approaches

Question 20

according to Maslow, the point that
is seldom reached at which people
have sufficiently satisfied the lower
needs and achieved their full human
potential.

Answer 20

self-actualization

Question 21

according to Maslow, times in a
person’s life during which selfactualization is temporarily achieved.

Answer 21

peak experiences

Question 22

theory of human motivation in which
the social context of an action has
an effect on the type of motivation
existing for the action

Answer 22

self-determination theory (SDT)

Question 23

a hormone secreted by the pancreas to
control the levels of fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates in the body by reducing
the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

hormone that is secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body
by increasing the level of glucose in
the bloodstream.

Answer 24

glucagon

Question 25

a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full.

Answer 25

leptin

Question 26

the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain.

Answer 26

weight set point

Question 27

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Answer 27

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 28

the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Answer 28

emotion

Question 29

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.

Answer 29

display rules

Question 30

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion.

Answer 30

James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 31

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.

Answer 31

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 32

theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.

Answer 32

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 33

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.

Answer 33

cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)

Question 34

theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.

Answer 34

cognitive-mediational theory