Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Define motivation
- driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others
- may be biological needs or psychosocial needs (power, achievement, relatedness etc.)
Define emotion
-an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural/emotional expression
What was the central idea of the psychodynamic theory, which emphasised biological motivations?
- motivated by drives (sex and aggression) and internal tension states built up until they were satisfied
- other needs like self-esteem and relatedness have more recently been considered
- separates implicit and explicit motives
Outline the behaviouralist theory on motivation
-we avoid behaviours that invoke punishment and repeat behaviours that are rewarded/reinforced
What do drive-reduction theories propose?
-that deprivation of basic needs create tension, and if the animal produces a behaviour that reduces this tension, the behaviour is reinforced
What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?
- primary drives are innate
- secondary drives are learned through association with primary drives
Which theory postulates that conscious goals regulate much of human action?
Goal-setting theory
What is intrinsic motivation?
-the enjoyment of or interest in an activity for its own sake
which theory believes the people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness that when fulfilled, nourish intrinsic motivation?
-Self-determination theory
Define implicit motives
-motives that can be activated and expressed outside of conscious awareness
Which theory did Abraham Maslow identify with?
Humanistic theory
What was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Name these needs for most basic to most advanced
- a model showing which human needs require fulfilment before higher level needs take over and influence one’s behaviour
- physiological (hunger etc.), safety (shelter), love or belonging (intimacy), esteem (respect from peers) and self actualisation (creativity, personal growth, realise potential)
What was the condensed version of Maslow’s needs hierarchy and what was included in it?
- ERG theory
- Existence, Relatedness, Growth
What are instincts? Which theory are they most pertinent to?
- instincts are fixed behavioural patterns that are not learned
- Evolutionary theory
Many biological motives related to survival involve to need for__________
Homeostasis
Homeostatic systems have:
- a set point (optimal level which is striven to be maintained)
- feedback mechanisms (regulation of variables)
- _______________ (restore homeostasis where needed
Corrective mechanisms
__________________refers to the process by which the body transforms food into energy
- it includes an absorptive phase (body is absorbing nutrients)
- it also includes a _______________phase (converting fuel stores into useful energy)
- Metabolism
- Fasting phase
Hunger and ____________ regulate eating patterns
Satiety mechanisms (turns off desire to eat)
Obesity is characterised by a body weight over _____ above the ideal weight for that person’s height and age
15%
________and _________ are strong predictors of body fat
- Genetic factors
- dietary fat intake
Both _______ and ________drive sexual motivation. It is also shaped by culture
- hormones
- fantasies
Hormones control sexual behaviour in humans and animals by ___________ which influence the structure of neural circuitry and ______________ which activate physiological changes that depend on the circuitry
- organisational effects
- activational effects
Sexual orientation refers to the _________ of someone’s sexual attraction. Same sex/opposite sex
-direction
Psychosocial needs are ______ and interpersonal motives for things like power, mastery, achievement, ____________, intimacy and affiliation
- personal
- self-esteem
