motivation and emotions

Question 1

instinct/ evolutionary theory of motivation

Answer 1

• influenced by genetics
• a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species in unlearned
• automatic and usually linked to survival

Question 2

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 2

• a biological need that creates a drive that motivates you to satisfy the need
• needs in this case are required for survival
• body seeks homeostasis

Question 3

arousal theory of motivation

Answer 3

• we seek an optimal level of arousal or excitement
• yerkes-dodson theory: tasks of moderate difficulty elicit the highest level of performance

Question 4

incentive theory of motivation

Answer 4

we learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishments and we are motivated to seek the reward

Question 5

extrinsic motivation

Answer 5

external reward (money, sticker, prize)

Question 6

intrinsic reward

Answer 6

motivation for your self (pride)

Question 7

overjustification effect

Answer 7

promising a reward for something one already likes to do reduces the desire to complete the behavior because it now feels like work

Question 8

maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

from bottom of pyramid to top

physiological –> safety –> belonging –> esteem –> self actualization

Question 9

approach-approach conflict

Answer 9

must choose between two desirable outcomes

Question 10

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 10

having to pick between two bad options

Question 11

approach-aviodance

Answer 11

when something has both attractive and unattractive features

Question 12

hunger motivation

Answer 12

• biological: you need to eat to survive
• cognitive: it looks good so you try it or it doesn’t look good so you don’t try it
• social: you eat something you don’t like in order to not hurt the chef’s feelings

Question 13

hunger: stomach

Answer 13

when stomach is empty and constricted we feel hungry and when it’s expanded we feel full

Question 14

hunger: brain

Answer 14

hypothalamus - controls body chemistry and the ratio of glucose and insulin

Question 15

lateral hyothalamus

Answer 15

hunger center
- stimulation brings on hunger and destruction destroys hunger

Question 16

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 16

satiety center
- stimulation depresses hunger and destruction causes more eating

Question 17

insulin

Answer 17

produced by pancreas
when insulin rises –> glucose decreases and you need to eat

Question 18

low blood sugar

Answer 18

= hunger
hypothalamus has cells that detect hunger

Question 19

set point

Answer 19

the point at which your weight is set and your body works to keep it there

Question 20

bulimia

Answer 20

eat lots of food and then throw up
s/s: chronic hoarseness, ruptured esophagus, UTI’s

Question 21

anorexia

Answer 21

not eating/ starving yourself
s/s: extreme weight loss, loss of hair, unable to stay warm
#1 cause - family conflict, change, genetics, feeling lack of control
serious implications - heart disease, brain damage, and death

Question 22

sexual motivation

Answer 22

• both bio and psych factors
• Alfred Kinsey = zoologist turned sex researcher

Question 23

psych factors for sexual motivation

Answer 23

• peer encouragement
• love and intimacy
• procreation

Question 24

sexual orientation

Answer 24

enduring sexual attraction to members of a sex

Question 25

homosexuality

Answer 25

- specific brain structures might alter in size compared to heterosexual brains - twin studies show genetic influence - theory: hormones in womb might change brain structure and influence sexual orientation

Question 26

emotions

Answer 26

physiological arousal - heart rate expressive behaviors - walking faster - slamming door conscious experience - thoughts - feelings

Question 27

James- Lange Theory

Answer 27

event --> physiological arousal --> emotion body reacts first and then you decide which emotion based on that

Question 28

cannon-bard theory

Answer 28

event --> physiological arousal ---> emotion happens at the same time!!!

Question 29

schacter singer two factor theory

Answer 29

event --> physical arousal --> appraisal --> emotion assess situation to feel emotion

Question 30

opponent process theory richard soloman

Answer 30

- the primary or initial reaction to an emotion will be followed by an equally intense but opposite secondary emotion

Question 31

basic emotions

Answer 31

- happy - sad - fear - anger - disgust - surprise - emerge early in life - have distinct biological basis

Question 32

facial expressions

Answer 32

- innate - duchenne smile = real smile

Question 33

biology of emotion

Answer 33

- limbic = in charge of emotion and memory - thalamus, hypothalamus, frontal lobe. olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 34

fear and anxiety

Answer 34

- they feel the same - amygdala is in charge of both - sympathetic nervous system involved i both

Question 35

fear

Answer 35

- response to an immediate danger

Question 36

anxiety

Answer 36

- vague sense that something bad might happen

Question 37

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 37

the main cause of anger that leads to aggression is frustration

Question 38

berkowitz

Answer 38

not just frustration that cause aggression but any unpleasant event can lead to anger