Motivation and Self Regulation

Question 1

What does the Motive Perspective examine?

Answer 1

It examines personality in relation to various motivations, the processes underlying the motivations, and the correlates/outcomes of the motivations.

Question 2

Who pioneered the Motive Perspective?

Answer 2

Henry Murray

Question 3

What are motives in the context of personality?

Answer 3

Motives can be a strong part of identity and are driven by needs and press.

Question 4

Define ‘Need’ in the context of motives.

Answer 4

An internal state that’s less than satisfactory due to a lack of a necessity, existing at different levels and being particular and directive.

Question 5

Define ‘Press’ in the context of motives.

Answer 5

An external condition that prompts a desire to get or avoid something, which may reignite motives that were previously fulfilled.

Question 6

How can behavior be influenced according to the Motive Perspective?

Answer 6

Behavior can be caused by the relative strength of the need or press.

Question 7

What are motives described as?

Answer 7

Cognitive affective clusters organized around a person’s readiness for a particular experience.

Question 8

What is the Thematic Apperception Test used for?

Answer 8

It can be used to measure personality but is better at measuring motives.

Question 9

What is the Need for Achievement?

Answer 9

The desire to do things well and to get pleasure from overcoming challenges or obstacles.

Question 10

What does the Need for Power entail?

Answer 10

The motive to have an impact on other people, have prestige, and feel strong in comparison to others.

Question 11

What is the Need for Affiliation?

Answer 11

The motive to spend time with others and form social ties.

Question 12

What is Inhibited Power Motivation?

Answer 12

The condition of having more need for power than affiliation but restraining its power use.

Question 13

What are Implicit and Self Attributed Motives?

Answer 13

Motives can be implicit (not totally aware of) or explicit (in conscious awareness).

Question 14

What is the difference between implicit and explicit motives?

Answer 14

Implicit motives tend to be more basic and automatic, while explicit motives are more particular and structured.

Question 15

What are Goals and Strategies in the context of motives?

Answer 15

Goals are the ends of what one desires, while strategies are the means used to achieve those goals.

Question 16

What are Idiographic Goals?

Answer 16

Goals that are unique to the individual that pursues them.

Question 17

What are Nomothetic Goals?

Answer 17

A relatively small number of essential motivations that apply to most people or general groups.

Question 18

What are Judgement and Development Goals according to Dweck et al?

Answer 18

Judgement goals seek to validate an attribute in oneself, while development goals desire to improve oneself.

Question 19

What is Defensive Pessimism?

Answer 19

A negative outlook on life that may motivate goal-seeking behavior to avoid negative outcomes.

Question 20

What is the difference between approach and avoidance motives?

Answer 20

Motives can be understood as an approach towards something or as an avoidance from something.

Question 21

What type of motives relate to the Big Five?

Answer 21

Explicit motives relate to the Big Five, while implicit motives do not have much of a relation.

Question 22

What are the limitations of the Motive Perspective?

Answer 22

Qualities seem arbitrary and rarely critiqued, and researchers often focus on one need at a time.

Question 23

What are the advantages of the Motive Perspective?

Answer 23

It is intuitively appealing and looks at how characteristics can influence behavior.

Question 24

What is Self Regulation?

Answer 24

The control of one’s behavior through self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement.

Question 25

What is the role of feedback control in self-regulation?

Answer 25

Feedback control helps maintain conformity to goals and values through a negative feedback loop.

Question 26

What are Implementation Intentions?

Answer 26

Intentions to take specific actions in specific contexts to achieve goal intentions.

Question 27

What does comparing your current self to a goal determine?

Answer 27

It determines the output, which are changes in your behaviour to align with your goal.

Question 28

What does the feedback control system assume about behaviour?

Answer 28

It assumes that behaviour has a purpose and is used in a feedback loop to fulfill a goal.

Question 29

How is self-regulation viewed in the context of feedback control?

Answer 29

Self-regulation is seen as a continuous process.

Question 30

Do goals for the feedback control system require expected performance levels?

Answer 30

No, they usually do not require expected performance levels, as people vary in their expected/desired performance levels.

Question 31

What should self-directed attention increase?

Answer 31

It should increase goal comparisons and realign behaviour in relation to the goal.

Question 32

What is the feedback hierarchy?

Answer 32

It is an organization of feedback loops where superordinate loops provide reference values to subordinate loops.

Question 33

What are the levels of the feedback hierarchy?

Answer 33

The highest level is system concepts (abstract qualities), the second level is principle control (traits or values), and the lower level is program (scripts).

Question 34

What do emotions reflect in the context of self-regulation?

Answer 34

Emotions reflect the status of self-regulation and may lead to organization.

Question 35

What can obstacles lead to in self-regulation?

Answer 35

Obstacles may lead to negative emotions which can interrupt progress.

Question 36

What is partial disengagement in self-regulation?

Answer 36

It allows people to pursue similar but different higher level goals, which can be both good and bad.

Question 37

Are all goals approach-based?

Answer 37

No, some goals are avoidance-based, such as trying to avoid getting sick.

Question 38

Are all goal-relevant behaviours due to explicit interventions?

Answer 38

No, some are part of a more unconscious system.

Question 39

What did the Carver et al. Priming Study argue?

Answer 39

It argued that behaviour can be elicited through stimulus, with subliminal stimuli influencing behaviour.

Question 40

What is self-control in the context of self-regulation?

Answer 40

It is trying not to give in to short-term impulses.

Question 41

What is private self-consciousness?

Answer 41

It is the tendency to be self-reflective, which has important implications for self-regulation.

Question 42

What does the Rumination Reflection Questionnaire measure?

Answer 42

It measures two aspects of self-consciousness: curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states.

Question 43

What does the Behaviour Identification Form assess?

Answer 43

It assesses higher and lower level construal of behaviour and encourages reflection on behaviour.

Question 44

What problems may occur from a self-regulation perspective?

Answer 44

Problems may occur due to conflicting goals, unclear implementation intentions, and inability to quit goals.

Question 45

How can self-regulation be used in therapy?

Answer 45

It can solve behavioural problems, make automatic habits conscious, follow a dynamic feedback system, and include means-end analysis.

Question 46

What is means-end analysis?

Answer 46

It is the process of creating a plan to achieve an overall goal by breaking it into smaller parts.