Motivation (Ch. 9)

Question 1

motives

Answer 1

forces that move us to act and not act in certain ways

Question 2

what causes motives?

Answer 2

a desire to maintain homeostasis (altering behavior to maintain desired range of internal body environment), internal equilibrium

Question 3

drive

Answer 3

internal tension from deviation in homeostasis.

Question 4

what is drive’s relationship to motivation

Answer 4

it is the drive-reduction account of motivation

Question 5

is homeostasis only for changes in real-time?

Answer 5

no, we can even anticipate changes in homeostasis that impact our actions as we prepare for them (ex. packing gloves for a ski trip even if hot outside).

Question 6

pain matrix

Answer 6

distributed set of brain regions (including the amygdala) underlying sensory and emotional components of pain (associated response usually withdrawal)

Question 7

pain’s motivators (avoidance)

Answer 7

avoidance of pain (specific info –> specific response).

Question 8

pain’s motivators (seek)

Answer 8

necessary to endure pain to reach goals, pain proof trying (pain in running). NSSI (non-suicidal self-injury)

Question 9

pain’s motivators (just byproduct)

Answer 9

unfortunate byproduct of achieving goals (studying –> headache)

Question 10

escape from self, hypothesis

Answer 10

physical pain focuses someone’s attention on the injury and decreases awareness of their broader life, concerns outside the pain

Question 11

incentives

Answer 11

goals seek to achieve

Question 12

types of incentives

Answer 12

intrinsically rewarding: incentive part of the activity itself (ex. playing basketball). extrinsically rewarding: drawn not to activity itself (ex. getting paid for mowing)

Question 13

why are incentives different than pain?

Answer 13

separate considerations for anticipating and receiving pleasure (used fMRI to confirm that different parts of the brain are associated with wanting and getting a reward)

Question 14

glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 14

hunger and eating are regulated by body’s maintenance of blood glucose levels

Question 15

dual-center theory

Answer 15

2 centers of hypothalmus regulate feelings of hunger and fullness (lateral hypothalamus – go) (ventromedial hypothalamus – stop)

Question 16

how does the body regulate what we eat

Answer 16

stomach signals the impact of whether and what we eat (ex. need to increase protein, rat chooses protein over carbs)

Question 17

lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 17

long-term energy balance. when fat stores deviate from target levels, the body acts to maintain homeostasis.

Question 18

how does the body signal to the brain its full?

Answer 18

full fat cells secrete the hormone leptin in the bloodstream which is sensed by the hypothalmus.

Question 19

body weight set point

Answer 19

caloric point in animals which the body maintains a certain weight, even with a change in dietary intake

Question 20

metabolic rate

Answer 20

rate body uses energy

Question 21

environmental factors that impact eating

Answer 21

smell/ sight of “yummy” food, unit bias-size of what counts as a single portion (ex. larger in the US that other countries), social contexts, cultural standards (beauty standards)

Question 22

what are some ways cultural contexts can impact the amount someone eats

Answer 22

when eat in a group, usually eat more than eating alone. usually women eat less when eating with men than with other women

Question 23

anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

an eating disorder associated with an intense fear of gaining weight. Usually have a disturbance of how they view their own body and think their fat, even though they’re dangerously thin.

Question 24

how do people act when have anorexia nervosa

Answer 24

extreme dieting, excessive exercise, purging of food

Question 25

bulimia nervosa

Answer 25

same as anorexia nervosa (intense fear of gaining weight) but usually have normal weight but view themselves as fat

Question 26

how do people act when have bulimia nervosa

Answer 26

binge eating and compensatory behavior because of guilt so they don't gain weight (vomiting, excessive exercise. etc.)

Question 27

why do people have nervosa eating disorders?

Answer 27

some genetic component

Question 28

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 28

person's weight in kg/ height squared in m (to determine if someone is overweight)

Question 29

what is the impact of obesity on health?

Answer 29

classified as global epidemic, leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disease

Question 30

thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 30

evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection favors individuals with efficient metabolism that maximize fat storage

Question 31

why do we have genes that maximize food storage?

Answer 31

helpful in the past because it meant that people were able to get food and make it last, but not helpful today, h/e evolution is much slower than real progress today

Question 32

estrus

Answer 32

mammal's period of sexual receptivity, frequency depends on species

Question 33

do women have an estrus period?

Answer 33

only slightly, there is some evidence a women's sexual desire is increased during ovulation, however its not very impactful, likely remaining part of long-ago action with evolutionary changes (humans less automatic in sexual desires)

Question 34

what is the hormonal impact on sexual desires?

Answer 34

men with higher testosterone levels than women usually have a greater sexual drive

Question 35

what are the phases of the sexual response cycle?

Answer 35

1. excitement phase (HR, BP, muscle tension increase, erect penis, swollen clitoris, lubricant vagina). 2. plateau phase (slower rate of increase BP/ HR, muscle tightens and base of penis & vagina). 3. orgasm phase (greater arousal, rhythmic muscle contractions, ejaculation and vaginal contractions). 4. resolution phase (HR, BP drop, muscles settle).

Question 36

what is the refractory phase for men?

Answer 36

phase after orgasm (length depends on time) when men can't orgasm

Question 37

what are the short-term implications of viewing sexually explicit material?

Answer 37

increases the likelihood of engaging in sexual behavior?

Question 38

what are the long-term implications of viewing sexually explicit material?

Answer 38

no real consensus, some say decreases sexual satisfaction or uncertainty, but also contradictory evidence

Question 39

when are people's sexual orientations first presented?

Answer 39

as a child, evident from sexual conformity when young, sexual attraction, etc.

Question 40

is there a genetic impact on sexual orientation?

Answer 40

yes, (ex. if identical twin gay, more likely to be gay) however, not entire story

Question 41

neurodevelopmental perspective

Answer 41

sexual orientation is built in the circuitry of our brains from a fetal age

Question 42

what are indicators of sexual orientation (along the neurodevelopmental perspective)?

Answer 42

handedness (left-handed/ ambidextrous, increases likelihood of being gay), fraternal birth order effect (more older brothers a man has, more likely he is to be gay)

Question 43

explanation of the fraternal birth order effect?

Answer 43

maybe because each male a mother carries has an effect on the immune system of child and thus the brain development

Question 44

why are we motivated to act in ways that increase our sense of belonging?

Answer 44

loneliness --> depression and greater physical health problems

Question 45

what positive impact do we gain from being with others

Answer 45

a cycle of positive emotion leading to greater social interaction (and vice-versa)

Question 46

performance orientation

Answer 46

focuses on performing well and looking smart (fear of failure). associated with a fixed mindset

Question 47

mastery orientation

Answer 47

focuses on learning and improving (desire for success). associated with a growth mindset

Question 48

Maslow's hierarchy of motives

Answer 48

order of dominance of thoughts, we strive to meet higher order motives even if the lower one's aren't met. (although obviously some exceptions, ex. not becoming life-long dream of being artist bc not making enough money to feed yourself)

Question 49

what are the parts of the hierarchy of motives?

Answer 49

1. self-transcendence (cause beyond self, truth, justice, religion) 2. self-actualization (living to full potential, aspirations, and dreams) 3. esteem (good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation) 4. belonging (acceptance, friendship) 5. safety (security, protection, freedom from threats) 6. physiological (hunger, thirst, warmth, shelter, air, sleep)