Motivation/Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Motivation is the factor that directs and energizes the behaviour of humans and other organisms.

Question 2

Instincts

Answer 2

Instincts are inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.

Question 3

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation

Answer 3

Suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement.

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

A motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behaviour to fulfill a need.

Question 5

Primary drives

Answer 5

Basic drives such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex. These are related to biological needs of the boy or of the species as a whole.

• We usually try to satisfy a primary drive by reducing the need underlying it.

Question 6

Secondary drives

Answer 6

Behaviours that fulfill no obvious biological need. It’s prior experience and learning that brings about needs.

Question 7

Arousal approaches to motivation

Answer 7

When each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity.

• This model suggests that if our stimulation and activity levels become too high, we try to reduce them.

Question 8

Incentive approaches to motivation

Answer 8

Suggest that motivation comes from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives.

• The desirable properties of external stimuli account for the person’s motivation.

Question 9

Cognitive approaches to motivation

Answer 9

Suggest that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals-their cognitions.

Question 10

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

Maslows model suggests that before more sophisticated higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied.

Question 10

Homeostasis

Answer 10

The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state.

• This underlies primary drives.

Question 10

Self actualization

Answer 10

A state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way.

Question 10

What is the analogy for homeostasis?

Answer 10

Think of this as the way a thermostat and a furnace work in a home heating system to maintain a steady temperature.

Question 10

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

Causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.

Question 10

Which is better, intrinsic or extrinsic motivation?

Answer 10

We are more likely to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is intrinsic rather than extrinsic.

Question 10

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 10

Causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward.

Question 11

Biological explanations for the need for food/ eating

Answer 11

• One hypothesis is injury to the hypothalamus affects weight set point
• Metabolism is another hypothesis for why people gain/lose weight differently when they could be doing and eating the exact same thing.

Question 12

social factors in eating

Answer 12

• Portion distortion
• We eat on a schedule, even if we’re not hungry
• We put roughly the same amount of food on our plates every day regardless of our daily activity level.
• We eat for comfort, because we’re sad, or because we’re bored.
• We eat mindlessly, while doing other things.

Question 13

Need to Belong/Affiliation

Answer 13

The need to belong/affiliation is the need to associate with and maintain social bonds with others.

Question 14

Why is it a fundamental human need?

Answer 14

It has strong evolutionary components to bonds.

Question 15

What happens when people feel or are actually excluded?

Answer 15

When people feel excluded or are excluded it leads to pain, and attempts to re-establish bonds.

Question 16

Need for Power

Answer 16

The need for power is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual.

Question 17

Characteristics of people high on the need for power?

Answer 17

Men show unusually high levels of aggression, drink heavily, act in a sexually exploitative manner, and participates more frequently in competitive supports

Women who have a high need for power show concerns for others or display highly nurturing behaviour.

Question 18

Need for achievement

Answer 18

The need for achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

Question 19

Characteristics of people high on the need for achievement?

Answer 19

People with a high need for achievement seek out situations in which they can compete against some standard. They tend to avoid situations in which success will come too easily and situations in which success isn’t likely.

Question 20

Characteristics of people low the need for achievement?

Answer 20

Low achievement people tend to be motivated primarily by a desire to avoid failure. They seek out easy tasks, being sure to avoid failure, or to seek out very difficult tasks for which failure has no negative implications.

Question 21

Emotions

Answer 21

Emotions are feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behaviour.

Question 22

What are the primary functions of emotions?

Answer 22

Preparing us for action - Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses. Shaping our future behaviour - Emotions promote learning that will help us make appropriate responses in the future. Helping us interact more effectively with others. - We often communicate the emotions we experience through our verbal and nonverbal behaviours, making our emotions obvious to observers.

Question 23

Ekman’s research on the 6 universal emotions and cross-cultural differences.

Answer 23

The six universal emotions are happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, and fear. - These are the emotions of the human race. - Ekman had a group of isolated tribe members, and their ability to identify basic emotions were quite similar to those of Westerns.

Question 24

James-Lange theory

Answer 24

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations.

Question 25

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 25

The Cannon-Bard theory assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus, which they suggest emanates from the thalamus in the brain.

Question 26

Schacter-Singer theory

Answer 26

The Schacter-Singer theory emphasizes that we identify the emotion we are experiencing by observing and comparing ourselves with others.

Question 27

Research exploring the Neuroscience of Emotions in terms of patterns of activation in the brain while recalling positive or negative experiences.

Answer 27

Researchers have found that specific emotions produce activation of very different portions of the brain. - Happiness was related to a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas sadness was associated with increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex.

Question 28

Why is happiness such an elusive emotion for so many of us?

Answer 28

- Hedonic treadmill - Tendency to make upward rather than downward social comparisons - Asymmetry of affective experience

Question 29

Hedonic treadmill

Answer 29

We quickly adapt to new circumstances requiring even greater “thrills” to achieve contentment.

Question 30

Subjective well-being

Answer 30

Peoples own evaluation of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions. - It’s the measure of how happy people are.

Question 31

What factors DO and DO NOT predict happiness or subjective well-being?

Answer 31

One theory is that each individual has a set-point for happiness. - Some evidence suggests that the set point is determined at least in part by genetic factors. Happiness depends far more on internal factors than external factors.