Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are Emotions?
-a feeling towards an object or event- short term-situational; occurs in response to rewards (happy) and punishers (sad/angry)
-encourage us to persist in responding for reward
-accompanied by changes in thoughts feelings, facial expressions and physiology
What is Mood?
different from emotion; longer lasting, less intense, not affected by a specific object or event
e.g. being cheerful for several days for no particular reason
For each distinct emotion (a diff adaptation), we can specifiy…
-when we will experience an emotion (what evolutionnary relevant conditions)
-how the emotion affects us
-how the behavior evoked by an emotion solves an evolutionary problem
Each emotion has extended behavioral elements that include changes in..
hormones (eg dopamine, adrenaline), thoughts, feelings, behaviors, facial expressions, sense perception
First principle of expression of emotion (Darwin)
serviceable habits (e.g. showing teeth, goosebumps- useful for animals not humans)
-idea that certain actions could be of service in certain states of mind, and the same movements would be performed out of habit even when they had no use whatsoever
Second principle
antithesis (opposite body expression, eg fear and disgust)
Third principle
direct action- emotion changes nervous system
James-Lange theory of emotion
you percieve stimulus in environment 1st, then express emotion, and finally acknowledge emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
you percieve stimulus in enviornment 1st, then simulaneously express and acknowledge emotion, and finally thalamus mediates it
the 4 universal emotions are
happiness, surprise, anxious, disgust
-fear & disgust are opposites
drive reduction theory for motivatoin
suggests that unmet physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates/pushes an organism to satisfy (reduce) the need
arousal theory for motivation
human are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels- high arousal = doing things do lower it; low arousal = doing things to increase it, often thru curiosity (eg young monkeys & children)
homeostasis
the tendancy to maintain a balanced/constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
incentive
involves a postitive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Operant Approaches to Motivation
Proceeding stimuli and associated consequences motivate behaviour
Social Approaches to Motivational
We are social creatures; our social needs are highly motivating
Achievement Motivation
We are driven to need to be excellent in some area
Premack principle
-one behavior can reinforce another
-more rewarding higher frequency behaviors can reinforce less rewarding low frequency behaviors (e.g. you need to eat your veggies b4 u can have dessert)
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
viewed human motives as pyramid
-at the base are basic physiological needs, then safety, then love/belonging, then esteem, then self-actualization, then self-trancendance
What is jealousy?
in the presence of rivals women focus on the rival and men focus on their partners
What is Achievement motivation?
an internal drive to excel at something
What is Mate poaching?
when an individual attempts to copulate with an individual that’s already in a romantic relationship
What are motivating operations?
variables that are extended in time and momentarily change the current frequency of behavior related to a specific reinforcer
What are establishing operations?
increase the effectiveness of reinforcers and momentarily evoke behavior related to obtaining them; abolishing is opposite
