Motivation: Hunger and Sex

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

the urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks

Question 2

What is a need?

Answer 2

inherently biological state of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compels drives

Question 3

What is a drive?

Answer 3

perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need

Question 4

What is an incentive?

Answer 4

any external object or event that motivates behaviour

Question 5

What are food, sleep, and air examples of?

Answer 5

needs

Question 6

How do a drive and an incentive differ?

Answer 6

a drive PUSHES you into action; an incentive PULLS you into action

Question 7

Is a “want” always the same as a need?

Answer 7

no (but sometimes)

Question 8

What is the need and the drive that pushes one into eating?

Answer 8

need: nutrients
drive: hunger
motivated behaviour: eating

Question 9

According to the evolutionary model, why have many drives arisen?

Answer 9

through natural selection - living organisms must perpetuate themselves, so drives help with survival and reproduction

Question 10

According to the evolutionary model, what do major motives all involve?

Answer 10

basic survival and reproduction needs and drives

Question 11

What is the purpose of a living organism?

Answer 11

to perpetuate itself

Question 12

What is the problem with the evolutionary model?

Answer 12

it doesn’t describe many needs

Question 13

How does natural selection relate to biological fitness?

Answer 13

organisms that are more biologically fit (able to survive and reproduce in their environment) survive to pass on their genes

Question 14

What drives is the drive reduction model good at describing?

Answer 14

regulatory drives

Question 15

What is a regulatory drive?

Answer 15

a drive needed for survival

Question 16

What is a non-regulatory drive (and example)?

Answer 16

a drive not needed for survival - curiosity, sex…

Question 17

According to the drive reduction model, what causes a drive?

Answer 17

the need to balance physiological systems when depleted

Question 18

What is homeostasis?

Answer 18

physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

Question 19

What model of motivation is often represented by a thermostat?

Answer 19

drive reduction model

Question 20

According to the drive reduction model, how would the hunger drive be triggered?

Answer 20

1. blood sugar drops
2. brain detects change and causes person to seek food
3. blood sugar returns to optimal level

Question 21

What two things does the hierarchical model of motivation combine?

Answer 21

drives and incentives

Question 22

What is the range of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 22

most basic physiological needs to psychological needs for growth and fulfillment

Question 23

When can higher needs in Maslow’s hierachy get filled?

Answer 23

after the lower ones are obtained

Question 24

What are the needs in the hierarchy in order from most basic to highest?

Answer 24

physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

Question 25

What behaviour is motivated by the need to belong?

Answer 25

affiliation

Question 26

What can rejection lead to in inherently social creatures?

Answer 26

physical and psychological problems

Question 27

What does the need to excel lead to?

Answer 27

achievement (desire to do things well, overcome obstacles)

Question 28

What are the three factors that determine the value of an achievement for an individual?

Answer 28

motivation to succeed, expectation of success, incentive value of the success

Question 29

What minor cues does the stomach give for hunger?

Answer 29

feeling full from stretch (tactile receptors), growling (gastric secretions), hunger pains (contractions)

Question 30

How do blood glucose relate to hunger?

Answer 30

brain detects changes in levels of glucose, which can stimulate/stop hunger

Question 31

What part of the brain monitors blood glucose levels?

Answer 31

hypothalamus

Question 32

What effect does the lateral hypothalamus have on eating?

Answer 32

stimulates feeding

Question 33

What part of the brain inhibits feeding?

Answer 33

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 34

What happens when a rat's ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned?

Answer 34

it eats too much

Question 35

What are the four biological components of hunger?

Answer 35

stomach, blood, brain, hormones/neurochemicals

Question 36

What 5 hormones/neurochemicals stimulate feeding?

Answer 36

NPY, orexin, ghrelin, melanin, endocannabinoids

Question 37

What 4 chemicals inhibit feeding?

Answer 37

insulin, leptin, PYY, CCK

Question 38

What does neuropeptide Y (NPY) do?

Answer 38

stimulates feeding

Question 39

What role does orexin play in feeding, other than stimulation?

Answer 39

keeps us awake to eat

Question 40

To what sort of food do endocannabinoids produce a response?

Answer 40

pallatable foods (that we like)

Question 41

Other than feeding, what role do endocannabinoids play in the body?

Answer 41

memory inhibition - forgetting system (to eliminate unimportant things)

Question 42

What body chemical is related to pot?

Answer 42

endocannabinoids

Question 43

From where is CCK released?

Answer 43

gut

Question 44

What cells release leptin?

Answer 44

fat cells

Question 45

How does the amount of leptin in the blood relate to the amount of fat in the body?

Answer 45

more fat, more leptin (proportional)

Question 46

What does leptin do to feeding?

Answer 46

inhibits feeding

Question 47

What happens to a mouse's feeding habits if it lacks leptin receptors?

Answer 47

over-eating

Question 48

What are 4 external factors that influence what we eat?

Answer 48

sight of food, smell of food, exposure to certain foods, cultural preferences

Question 49

How can visual or auditory cues trigger feeding?

Answer 49

get associated with food through classical conditioning (go to MacDonald's, sugar levels rise, release insulin... eventually release insulin so feel hungry when just seeing MacDonald's)

Question 50

What does someone usualy rely on to tell them if they are done eating?

Answer 50

appearance of food portions

Question 51

What does dieting increase the risk of?

Answer 51

eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa)

Question 52

What is a weight vs. height ratio called?

Answer 52

BMI

Question 53

What internal factor may play a role in obesity?

Answer 53

genes (ex: lack of leptin receptors)

Question 54

What does a BMI of 26-29.9 correspond to?

Answer 54

overweight

Question 55

What is the range of BMI for obesity?

Answer 55

>30

Question 56

How does memory relate to feeding habits?

Answer 56

eat based on memory of when we last ate (so amnesics will eat 2nd or 3rd lunch)

Question 57

How do most women's ideal body image relate to their self-image?

Answer 57

much smaller

Question 58

How do most men's ideal body image relate to their self-image?

Answer 58

pretty similar

Question 59

What are two possible reasons for humans to have sex?

Answer 59

to propagate our species, for pleasure and enjoyment

Question 60

What is sexual behaviour?

Answer 60

actions that produce arousal and increase likelihood of orgasm

Question 61

What are the four phases of the human sexual response?

Answer 61

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 62

In the human sexual response, what do men need that women do not?

Answer 62

refractory period (acter orgasm)

Question 63

What part of the brain is important in sexual behaviour?

Answer 63

hypothalamus

Question 64

What happens to the brian during orgasm?

Answer 64

certain brain regions deactivate

Question 65

What region(s) of the brain deactivates when men orgasm?

Answer 65

amygdala

Question 66

What region(s) of the brain deactivate when women orgasm?

Answer 66

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 67

What does testosterone play a role in?

Answer 67

sex drive (in both women and men)

Question 68

What are important in maintaining sex drive?

Answer 68

gonadal hormones

Question 69

How do most animals copulate?

Answer 69

a stereotyped way

Question 70

What do Lydig cells produce and where are they found?

Answer 70

testosterone; testes

Question 71

What effect does castration have on sex drive?

Answer 71

reduces it

Question 72

Does castration eliminate the ability to have sex?

Answer 72

no

Question 73

How can sex drive in a castrated male be restored?

Answer 73

injection of testosterone

Question 74

What part of the brain does testosterone work on?

Answer 74

medial preoptic area of hypothalamus

Question 75

What type of receptors does the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus have a lot of?

Answer 75

testosterone receptors

Question 76

What do lesions to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus do to males?

Answer 76

abolish sexual behaviour/sex drive

Question 77

Other than sexual behaviour, what does the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus play a role in?

Answer 77

satiety

Question 78

What 2 classes of hormoens are broadly secreted from ovaries?

Answer 78

estrogen and progesterone

Question 79

In what species of females do ovariectomies abolish sexual behaviour?

Answer 79

non-human females

Question 80

The injection of what hormones restore sexual activity in non-human females without ovaries?

Answer 80

estrogen or estrogen and progesterone

Question 81

What area of the brain do estrogen and progesterone work on?

Answer 81

ventromedial area of hypothalamus

Question 82

In what gender do lesions of the ventromedial area absolish sexual behaviour?

Answer 82

females

Question 83

Are huma females more or less dependent on estrogen and progesterone than other animals?

Answer 83

less

Question 84

What is the growth of the testes dependendent on?

Answer 84

a gene on the Y chromosome

Question 85

What does testosterone do to the brain?

Answer 85

masculinizes the hypothalamus

Question 86

What effect does stress during pregnancy have on development?

Answer 86

less testosterone and less development of MPOA (medial preoptic area)

Question 87

What behaviour do male offspring from a stressful pregnancy show?

Answer 87

female-like sexual behaviour

Question 88

How do men and women differ in their attitude towards casual sex?

Answer 88

men have more positive attitudes

Question 89

What is one theory to describe gender differences regarding attitude towards casual sex?

Answer 89

parental investment theory (cost of sex is much greater for women than men)

Question 90

Is sex more costly for women or men and why?

Answer 90

women; pregnancy and lactation

Question 91

What is the problem with the meta-analysis on gender differences regarding casual sex?

Answer 91

doesn't consider societal factors - like that women are often the target of sexual violence

Question 92

What are the standard 3 categories of sexual orientation?

Answer 92

heterosexual (opposite sex), homosexual (same sex), bisexual (both sexes)

Question 93

What influences sexual orientation?

Answer 93

both nature and nurture