MOTOR

Question 1

Voluntary control of
skilled movements is
only initiated in

Answer 1

ba4 cortex,

Question 2

Higher motor areas do not
modulate lower
motor levels true or false?

Answer 2

false

Question 3

areas decide that a movement is
called

Answer 3

asssociation

Question 4

devise a plan for the movement
and pass this information o

Answer 4

premotor areas

Question 5

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

Answer 5

motor cortex

Question 6

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

Answer 6

motor cortex

Question 6

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

Answer 6

motor cortex

Question 7

how does motor cortex
issues commands to motor neurons,

Answer 7

, by way of nuclei and
interneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 8

___ brains trcutures are involved in planning and monitoring of motor movements?

Answer 8

cerebellum and bg

Question 9

Cerebellum and BG do do not send to spinal cord directly. They act by affecting
motor and premotor cortex. true or false?

Answer 9

true

Question 10

which is the * Major voluntary pathway for all movements.

Answer 10

Pyramidal system

Question 11

3 tracts of the pyramidal system

Answer 11

Corticospinal tract, Corticonuclear (=corticobulbar) tract, Corticopontine tract

Question 12

Lateral corticospinal tract: does not cross at midline. true or false

Answer 12

false- it is the he primary crossed
corticospinal tract. Anterior corticospinal tract:
made up of the few fibers
that do not cross midline

Question 13

voluntary movement of the
innervated structure is
limited on the contralateral
side of the body

Answer 13

CST is interrupted in
the cerebrum or at any level
above the medullary
pyramidal decussation

Question 14

A lesion of the CST below the
decussation impairs

Answer 14

A lesion below the
decussation impairs

Question 15

where do Corticonuclear fibers begin and terminate

Answer 15

Begin at the cortex, terminate at the motor
nuclei of the cranial nerves located at various points in the brainstem

Question 16

Corticonuclear fibers Separates from CST at ?

Answer 16

upper brainstem level

Question 17

what are the extra-pyramidal system

Answer 17

Additional motor tracts that are outside of the
pyramidal system

Question 18

what structures are included in the extra-pyramidal system

Answer 18

basal ganglia, and cerebellum which are
linked indirectly to pyramidal system via thalamus
and cortex

Question 19

basal ganglia, and cerebellum are
linked indirectly to pyramidal system via?

Answer 19

thalamus & cortex

Question 20

what is the role of the fiber pathways Extrapyramidal system?

Answer 20

primary input to motor
neurons for maintenance of normal tone, body
posturing, and reflex responses to sensory stimuli

Question 21

where ar Upper motor neurons (UMN) located

Answer 21

neuraxis - do not leave it

Question 22

The pyramidal tract thought of as the direct
activation pathway or direct motor system
because of its direct connection and major
activating influence on the uper motor
neurons
true or alse?

Answer 22

false - lower

Question 23

what are lower motor neurons

Answer 23

All the neurons that send motor axons into the
muscles: the cranial and spinal nerves

Question 24

eg: of lower motor neruon

Answer 24

cranial and spinal

Question 25

__ is a structural and functional entity that can be defined a single anterior horn cell

Answer 25

motor unit

Question 26

a chemical synapse between a muscle fiber and motor neuron is _____

Answer 26

neuromuscular junction

Question 27

Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron (LMN) true or false ?

Answer 27

true

Question 28

____ innervates multiple ____ fiber targets and constitutes the ___

Answer 28

LMN, muscle ,motor unit

Question 29

an action potential in the LMN brings all of its fibers to threshold simultaneously true or false

Answer 29

true

Question 30

numerous smaller motor units (accuracy and precision) responsbile for fine control

Answer 30

hand muscles. ocular muscles, postural

Question 31

n action potential in the LMN brings all of its fibers to threshold simultaneously which allows for distribution of ____force throughout muscle

Answer 31

contractile

Question 32

neuromuscular junction between _____ and

Answer 32

efferent axon terminal & muscle fibre

Question 33

____ considered motor planning areas

Answer 33

association’ or premotor areas

Question 34

____are generally referred to as premotor cortex

Answer 34

Lateral

Question 35

Broca’s area and BA 6 are

Answer 35

premotor areas

Question 36

match the following: lateral areas medial areas supplementary motor and congulate, premotor

Question 37

function of upplementary motor area and the cingulate motor area?

Answer 37

Project to lower areas through descending pathways and through M1

Question 38

Muscle twitches can be evoked by ‘tiny’ electrical stimuli true or false

Answer 38

true

Question 39

primary motor cortex control individual muscles or goal-oriented movements?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

Different classes of movements have discrete neuronal representations. true or false

Answer 40

true

Question 41

Basal ganglia form a circuit with the __

Answer 41

cortex

Question 42

BG receives projections from?

Answer 42

cerebral cortex

Question 43

__ predominant target for output -

Answer 43

cortex

Question 44

is this the order of loop Tor F, Cortex – thalamus – bg - Cortex

Answer 44

false - Cortex – BG – Thalamus - Cortex

Question 45

the striatum is formed by?

Answer 45

caudate nucleus & putamen

Question 46

function of this loop?? which of these is not a function *

Answer 46

Select and maintain voluntary motor activity, Suppress unwanted activity – cognitive dimension as well – Monitors and constrains movements – Maintains appropriate tone

Question 47

Thalamic nuclei that project to the brain are disinhibited, t or f

Answer 47

f - highly excitatory

Question 48

BG functions to keep the thalamus

Answer 48

– Through tonic inhibition of GPi, – Preventing movement or thoughts

Question 49

When a voluntary movement is desired, thalamic outputs must be ___

Answer 49

disinhibited

Question 50

* Cognitive / emotional abnormalities in PD reflect deterioraition of __

Answer 50

non-motor loops in BG

Question 51

what is the function of Prefrontal loop, Limbic loop

Answer 51

Prefrontal loop may regulate the initiation and termination of cognitive processes * Limbic loop may initiate or terminate emotional behaviors

Question 52

cerebellum plays its primary function?

Answer 52

ensuring synergistic coordination of muscles and muscle groups

Question 53

functions of cerebellum

Answer 53

1. maintains posture & balance - Maintains proper posture and balance in walking and in sequential movements of eating, dressing, and writing, etc 2. Guides the production of rapid, alternating, repetitive movements such as in speaking 3. smooth pursuit mvnts 4. cerebellum, mvnts are clumsy, uncoordinated, and disorganized The cerebellum is needed for ongoing connected speech reinforce or diminish sensory and motor impulses, acting as a critical modulator of neuronal function Acts a “motor error detector”

Question 54

cerebellum divided -

Answer 54

Cerebrocerebellum, Spinocerebellum

Question 55

what are the functions of Cerebrocerebellum: dentate nucleus—premotor cortex Spinocerebellum: fastigial nuclei—motor cortex and brainstem

Answer 55

Cerebrocerebellum: dentate nucleus—premotor cortex (motor planning) Spinocerebellum: fastigial nuclei—motor cortex and brainstem (motor execution)

Question 56

BG acts * Acts a “motor error detector” true or false

Answer 56

false - cerebellum does

Question 57

BG acts * Acts a “motor error detector” true or false

Answer 57

false - cerebellum does