Motor Control 1

Question 1

areas of higher-order are involved with?

Answer 1

more complex tasks eg. coordinate muscle activity

Question 2

areas of lower hierarchy are involved with?

Answer 2

lower level tasks eg. execution of movement

Question 3

motor systems organised in a number of different areas that control different aspects of movement is known as?

Answer 3

functional segregation

Question 4

what does the corticospinal tract control?

Answer 4

voluntary movements of body

Question 5

what does the corticobulbar tract control?

Answer 5

voluntary movements of face

Question 6

which tracts pass through the pyramids of the medulla?

Answer 6

corticospinal and corticobulbar

Question 7

which gyrus is the primary motor cortex situated in?

Answer 7

pre-central gyrus

Question 8

what does the motor cortex control?

Answer 8

fine, descrete, precise voluntary movements

Question 9

what does the pre-motor area do?

Answer 9

planning voluntary movements

Question 10

supplementary motor area does what?

Answer 10

involves complex movements which are generally internally driven

Question 11

where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

Answer 11

medulla

Question 12

what is the lateral corticospinal tract responsible for?

Answer 12

limb muscle control

Question 13

what is the anterior corticospinal tract responsible for?

Answer 13

trunk muscle control

Question 14

which cortex contains neuronal cell bodies of the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 14

primary motor cortex

Question 15

what do the motor nerves from the corticobulbar tract do specifically?

Answer 15

eye movements, muscles of jaw, muscles of face, tongue

Question 16

what does the vestibulospinal tract do?

Answer 16

stabilise head during body movements coordinates head movements with eye movements mediates postural adjustments

Question 17

what does the reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 17

changes in muscles’ tone associated with voluntary movement, provides postural stability

Question 18

where does the reticulospinal tract descend from?

Answer 18

medulla and pons

Question 19

where does the tectospinal tract descend from? What does it do?

Answer 19

superior colliculus of brain orientation of head and neck during eye movements

Question 20

where does the rubrospinal nucleus descend from? What does it do?

Answer 20

red nucleus of brain innervates lower motor neurons of flexors of upper limb

Question 21

loss of voluntary motor function paresis paralysis are what type of upper motor neurone lesion sign?

Answer 21

negative

Question 22

increased abnormal motor function due to loss of inhibitory descending inputs spasticity hyper-reflexia clonus babinski’s sign are all examples of which type of upper motor neuron lesion sign?

Answer 22

positive

Question 23

what is apraxia? What is it caused by?

Answer 23

a disorder of skilled movement lesion in the supplementary motor area

Question 24

weakness hypotonia hyporeflexia muscle atrophy fasciculations - spontaneous twitch fibrillations of muscle fibres are all examples of which type of lesion?

Answer 24

lower motor neuron lesion

Question 25

which neurons does motor neuron disease affect?

Answer 25

upper and lower motor neurons

Question 26

upper: spasticity brisk limbs and jaw reflexes babinski's sign loss of dexterity dysarthria dysphagia lower: weakness muscle wasting tongue fasciculations and wasting nasal speech dysphagia are all signs of which disease?

Answer 26

motor neuron disease

Question 27

which structures make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

* striatum - caudate nucleus, putamen and external globus pallidus * nucelus accumbens * subthalamic nuclei * substantia nigra (midbrain) * ventral pallidum, claustrum, nucleus basalis

Question 28

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 28

* decision to move * elaborating associated movements * moderating and coordinating movement * performing movements in order

Question 29

summarise the pathology of parkinson's disease

Answer 29

degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that originate in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum

Question 30

What are C, P, G and T?

Answer 30

C - caudate nucleus P - putamen G - (external) globus pallidus T - thalamus

Question 31

what is bradykinesia?

Answer 31

slowness of small movements

Question 32

what is a hypomimic face?

Answer 32

mask-like, expressionless

Question 33

what is akinesia?

Answer 33

difficulty in initiation of movements

Question 34

what is rigidity?

Answer 34

muscle tone increase, causing resistance to externally imposed joint movements

Question 35

bradykinesia, hypomimic face, akinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest are all signs of?

Answer 35

parkinson's disease

Question 36

summarise the pathology of Huntington's disease

Answer 36

degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum, caudate and putamen

Question 37

* choreic movements * rapid jerky involuntary movements of the body hands and face (affected first) then legs and rest of body * speech impairment * difficulty swallowing * unsteady gait * cognitive decline and dementia in later stages are all signs of?

Answer 37

Huntington's disease

Question 38

ballism - what is it? what is it caused by?

Answer 38

sudden uncontrolled contralateral flinging of the extremities stroke affecting subthalamic nucleus

Question 39

which part of the brain is associated with coordinating and predicting movement?

Answer 39

cerebellum

Question 40

which structure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Answer 40

tentorium cerebelli

Question 41

what is the green structure called and what is it involved with? what does damage to it cause?

Answer 41

vestibulocerebellum * regulation of gait, posture and equilibrium * coordination of head movements with eye movement damage causes syndrome similar to vestibular disease leading to gait ataxia and tendency to fall

Question 42

what is this structure called? what does it do? what does damage to this structure cause?

Answer 42

* spinocerebellum * coordination of speech and adjustment of muscle tone and coordination of limb movements * damage is associated with chronic alcoholism and affects mainly legs, causing abnormal gait and stance (wide-based)

Question 43

What is this structure called? what does it do? how does damage affect it?

Answer 43

* cerebrocerebellum * coordination of skilled movements, cognitive function, attention, processing of language and emotional control * damage mainly affects arms/skilled coordinated movements (tremor) and speech

Question 44

what are the main 5 signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

Answer 44

1. ataxia 2. dysmetria 3. intention tremor 4. dysdiadochokinesia 5. scanning speech