Motor Control Flashcards

Question

Define dendrites

Answer 1

Branch projections of the neuron that conduct the impulses that are received from other neural cells to cell body. Dendrites receives the impulse and transmit it to the soma.

Answer 2

The generation of action potential

Answer 3

It’s a long slender projection of a neural cell that conducts neural impulses away from the cell body to other neurons. They can also connect directly to muscles or organs.

Answer 4

The junction between the terminal aspect of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or a gland.

Answer 5

- unipolar - pseudo unipolar - bipolar - multipolar

Answer 6

Only found in invertebrates, it has only one process emerging from the soma.

Answer 7

One axon emerges from the som but is split in two. One end possesses dendrites, the other end possesses the synapse. It receives essentially sensory information and the cell body is always found in ganglion.

Answer 8

It’s a group of neurons’ cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system working as relay points and intermediary connexions between different neurological structures in the body, usually between the peripheral nervous systems and the central nervous system.

Answer 9

Two processes are coming out of the soma, one are dendrites, the other the synapse. It is not very common, mainly found in the olfactive epithelium and the retina.

Answer 10

Most common type of neuron. Present every where. 1 axon with many dendrites. Ex : motor neuron

Answer 11

- membrane is at resting state : - 70 millivolts - neurotransmitters bind to receptors : beginning of depolarization, towards 0 millivolts - depolarization threshold is reached at - 55 millivolts causing the opening of Na+ channels - cell is positively charged = rising phase of AP = depolarization - peak is reached at 40 millivolts causing the K+ channels to open, allowing K+ to flow out of the cells - repolarization is the descending part of axion potential - overshoot : neuron doesn’t go back to resting membrane yet = the cell is hyper polarized and it is impossible to fire the neuron again at this stage - K+ channels close causing the membrane to come back to resting state

Answer 12

- small neurons (small diameter) displays more resistance : current is slower - big neurons (big diameter) displays less resistance : current is faster

Answer 13

Is the measure of potential energy generated by separated charges (= action potential)

Answer 14

The flow of electricity from one point to another | Current = voltage / resistance

Answer 15

It’s a type of neuron that carries information from the brain or the spinal cord and is involved in regulating activity in muscles or glands.

Answer 16

Originate from multiple areas of the brain and carrying the info about movement in a descending tract along the spinal cord to the muscles. As such, it makes a connexion with lower motor neuron.

Answer 17

- somatic motor neurons : extending to skeletal muscles (movement + muscle tone) and cause voluntary movement or reflex - branchial motor neurons : muscles in the neck and head - general visceral motor neurons : involved in the autonomic nervous system

Answer 18

- Located in the brain stem or spinal cord - it receives inputs from the brain or the sensory neurons - innervates muscle fibers

Answer 19

It is composed of the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers in berated by that motor neuron. The number of muscle fibers innervated but the neuron is variable.

Answer 20

- 1 motor neuron innervates the same types of muscle fibers - 1 muscle fiber has only one axon connexion - action potential travelling through that 1 neuron reaches all the muscle fibers it is connected to at the same time.

Answer 21

Alpha motor neuron

Answer 22

It encloses less muscle fibers than big motor units and small muscles allowing precise and small movements to happen.

Answer 23

Found in big muscles, providing big motions or requiring a lot of strength

Answer 24

SLOW MOTOR UNIT - small red blood muscle : containing lots of mitochondria, well oxygenated - innervated by slow motor unit - generate small force, slowly - lasts long : fatigue resistant - required for posture It is able to develop the same amount of strength up to and more than an hour

Answer 25

FAST FATIGABLE MOTOR UNIT - the motor unit is bigger than the type 1 - it is less irrigated (pale muscle) - it provide large forces - it fatigues faster than type 1

Answer 26

FAST FATIGUE RESISTANT MOTOR UNIT - substantially more resistant to fatigue - generates about twice the force of Type 1

Answer 27

We will activate a specific type of muscle fiber depending on which type of movement we want to do.

Answer 28

Depends on A) the force developed by the muscle fibers relying on : - the frequency of stimulation up to tetanus - the fiber length B) the number of muscle fibers contracting simultaneously C) the different types of muscle fibers activated

Answer 29

The limit to which the muscle fiber can be stimulated

Answer 30

It’s the location of all cranial nerves involved in sensory organs and motor control of fascias.

Answer 31

It is the « gate keeper » of the brain filtering informations. It has a neuroendocrine function served by the hypothalamus and it encloses the thalamus and the pituitary gland.

Answer 32

50 millions neurons = 1/2 of all neurons. | Especially involved in motor learning as it activates to improve the movement, make it smooth and more efficient.

Answer 33

(- spinal cord) - medulla oblongata - pons - mesancephalon (mid-brain) - diancephalon (inter brain) - cerebellum - cerebrum (including : neocortex, basal ganglia, lambic system)

Answer 34

Cervical spine : 7 vertebrae 8 spinal nerves Thoracic spine : 12 vertebrae 12 spinal nerves Lumbar spine : 5 vertebrae 5 spinal nerves Sacrum : 5 vertebrae 5 spinal nerves Coccyx :1-4 vertebrae 1 spinal nerve

Answer 35

L1-L2 | The last part of the spine is innervated by caudal and spinal nerves

Answer 36

In the brain the grey matter is outside and the white matter is inside while in the spinal cord the withe matter is outside and the grey matter is inside. Grey matter is composed of the somas and white matter is composed of the axons.

Answer 37

- cortico spinal tract : motor fiber tracts | - antero/posterior spino thalami tract : sensory fibers tract

Answer 38

They carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord. Sending afferent information to the brain.

Answer 39

Motor neurons carrying the motor information to the muscles. Sending efferent information to the body.

Answer 40

It contains inter neurons and welcome neurons entering the ascending path carrying sensory info to the brain.

Answer 41

Cell bodies of the motor neurons that activate skeletal muscles, these neurons are implicated in both voluntary and involuntary movements.

Answer 42

Bundle of ascending and descending fibers that carry sensory information to the brain and motor information to the body. Also called funiculi

Answer 43

Composed of : - medulla oblongata - pons - mesancephalon (mid-brain) Responsible for many basics system as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate and sleep. Houses 10 of the 12 cranial nerves (the last 2 ones being associated with vision, providing motor and sensory function to tongue, pharynx, larynx).

Answer 44

- associated with cardiovascular and respiratory functions such as keeping omeostasis in the cardiovascular function or generating breathing movement. - involved in reflexes such as coughing, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing.

Answer 45

The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body

Answer 46

Composed of one big « olivary nucleus » they connect the brainstem to the cerebellum

Answer 47

It is the bridge between the cortex and the cerebellum

Answer 48

The mesancephalon includes the substantia nigra which is rich in dopamine

Answer 49

They are purely sensory or motor or mixed, unless spinal nerves which are always mixed.

Answer 50

- optic - olfactory - vestibulocochlear

Answer 51

- oculomotor - accessory - hypoglossal - facial

Answer 52

- trigeminal - glossopharyngeal - vagus - intermediate

Answer 53

It encloses the thalamus and acts as a primary relay and processor for the sensory information and autonomic control. It is also a pathway to lymbic part (site of memory and motion) but also to the basal ganglia

Answer 54

There is one thalamus in each atmosphere. It acts as a relay station : it is divided in a number of specialized nuclei (each nucleus has a specific function) so 1 specific stimulus will be processed by the corresponding nucleus and sent to the appropriate cortex area. The thalamus decides which information becomes conscious, it helps us to focus on the information which is the most relevant.

Answer 55

- cerebrocerebellum : 2 hemispheres involved into planning movements and motor learning, and regulate coordination of muscle activation, also important is visually guided movements. - spinocerebellum —> paraverbal zone —> vermis Is involved in regulated movement by correcting errors. It also receives proprioceptive information. - vestibulocerebellum : is involved in controlling balance and ocular reflexes.

Answer 56

Divided into right and left hemispheres on either sides of a longitudinal fissure, linked by the corpus callosum. It receives sensory information, processes it and regulates motor and conscious activity. It also responds for a broad range of cognitive processes.

Answer 57

It is enclosed in the cerebrum and is composed of a group of subcortical nuclei. It is involved in motor control, motor learning, emotional behaviour, addictive behaviour and habits formation. It is composed of - corpus striatum : —> dorsal striatum : control over conscious movement —> ventral striatum : associated with lymbic function of reward and aversion - subtalamic nucleus - substantia nigra

Answer 58

It’s not a separate system but a collection of structures implicated in emotions (= emotional nervous system) behaviour, motivation, long term memory, olfaction, pleasure. It’s not really involved in motor control. It involves, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia.

Answer 59

It is the outer layer of the cerebrum. It is made up of grey matter covering the white matter inside. It is subdivided into lobes.

Answer 60

- frontal lobe : olfactory bulb, motor cortex responsible of planning and implementing movement - parietal lobe : processing somatic information - temporal lobe : processing and interpreting sounds - occipital lobe : implicated with vision

Answer 61

It’s an histological classification of the brain area. There are 52 Brodmann areas.

Answer 62

This system helps divide the cerebral cortex on the outside using reference points. It’s used in neuro researches to get to know where the parts of our brain stand by measuring the skull. Useful when there is a trans cranial electrical stimulation device used.

Answer 63

An action that is an inborn central nervous system activity, not involving consciousness during which a particular stimulus exciting an afferent nerves, provokes an immediate stereotyped response of the muscles or glands. An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

Answer 64

It is called reflex arc : - an efferent (sensory) nerve - one or more interneurons in the central nervous system - an afferent (motor, secretory, secretory motor) nerve

Answer 65

- mono synaptic | - poly synaptic

Answer 66

The lower motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that projects to the skeletal muscles.

Answer 67

Smooth muscle fibers and pre/post ganglionic fibers

Answer 68

Delicate sensory receptor contained in almost every muscle that inform the central nervous system about changes in the length of individual muscles and the speed of stretching. Thanks to this information, the CNS computes the position and movement in space of our extremities which is a requirement for motor control, maintaining balance and a stable gait. Muscle spindle are modified muscle fibers, enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue that identifies the absolute changes in the muscle fiber length. It’s a protective proprioceptor

Answer 69

It’s a type of neuron that carries the information from the brain or the spinal cord and is involved in regulating the activities in muscles or glands.

Answer 70

- alpha : involved in muscular contraction - beta - gamma : involved in the sensitivity of muscle spindles

Answer 71

It’s a protective propriocepor (= a type of sensory receptor that senses the changes in muscle tension. It lies at the interphase between a muscle and its interchange known as the myotendinous junction.

Answer 72

- patellar tendon reflex where : - one output will cause muscle contraction = monosynaptic - the other output will cause antagonist muscle relaxation = polysynaptic reflex

Answer 73

The myotatic inverse reflex exists to protect the muscle from excessively heavy loads by provoking the the muscle to relax and drop the load.

Answer 74

It happens when the Golgi tendon organs causes a myotatic inverse reflex and inhibits the contraction. Then the other part of the pathway will activate the muscle to release the dangerous weight (for instance), the agonist muscle and prevent injury.

Answer 75

Muscle spindle : - feel the stretch - cause muscle activation - protects against over stretching or stretching too fast GTO : - feel the tension - cause muscle inhibition

Answer 76

The receptor is not muscular but it’s a cutaneous receptor The impulse goes from sensory to motor neurons and creates multiple synaptic connexions Ex : The withdrawal reflex

Answer 77

The information crosses on the other side of the spinal cord and activate motor neurons controlling the unharmed leg so this leg is ready to receive the body weight (allowing the painful leg to withdraw) it is called the CROSS EXTENSOR REFLEX

Answer 78

It’s a stereotyped motor action constituted by a repetitive series of the same movement (ex : chewing, swallowing, scratching, rhythmic contraction of flexors and extensors during locomotion…). Neural circuits supporting rhythmic movements are located in the spinal cord and brain stem.

Answer 79

Locomotion takes place in an unpredictable environment with irregularities and even if partly stereotyped (alternation of the 2 legs) it needs to be continuously modified and adapted to this environnement. It is monitored by a neural network in the spinal cord called Central pattern generator - locomotion is a purposeful, goal directed behaviour initiated by signals arising from volitional processes in the cerebral cortex and emotional processing in the lymbic system. It is accompanied by automatic controlled movement processes

Answer 80

They are capable of producing rhythmic movements such as walking, swimming. Supraspinal inputs play a major role not only in initiating locomotion but also in adapting the locomotor pattern to environmental and motivational conditions. Sensory afférents involved in muscle and cutaneous reflexes have important regulatory functions in preserving balance and insuring stable phase transitions (especially in locomotion )

Answer 81

It is a neural network able to generate rhythmic movement schemes without physical input signals coming from peripheral receptors. Each motor pattern has a specific CPG

Answer 82

- supraspinal commands are not required to generate gait motor pattern - the basic rhythmicity of locomotion is produced by neuronal circuits entirely based in the spinal cord - there is no influence of the motor cortex on motor pattern - rhythmic movement patterns can still happen without the brain and sensory informations

Answer 83

- somatosenstivie signals - vestibular apparatus (balance) - visual

Answer 84

The proprioceptors

Answer 85

- reflexes - rhythmic movements - voluntary movements

Answer 86

HIGH LEVEL Function : strategy Structures : association areas of neocortex and premotor area (plan motor activity) and basal ganglia (give the « go ») MID LEVEL Function : tactics Structures : motor cortex (initiate motor activity) and cerebellum (tells primary motor cortex how to carry out the planned activity) LOW LEVEL Function : execution Structures : brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 87

- motor neuron leaves the spinal cord via the ventral root - sensory neuron enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root - sensory and motor neurons merge to become the peripheral nerve

Answer 88

No, there is an increase of grey matter at C5/T1 (where the sensory input comes from and the motor outpost goes to the arms and the trunk) levels and L1-S3 levels (where the sensory input comes from and the motor output goes to the lower limbs)

Answer 89

Groups of nuclei and related fibers in the brainstem responsible for : - control of level of consciousness - perception of pain - cardiovascular and respiratory systems regulations

Answer 90

- cortico spinal tract | - cortico bulbar tract

Answer 91

- originate from 2 motor areas (primary cortex and pre motor cortex) and 3 sensitive areas - it crosses the midline at the level of the decussation of the pyramids and crosses the spinal cord on the contra lateral side - it descends into the dorso lateral column - it ends in the grey spinal cord - goes specifically to our hands and limbs = distal parts of the body and has a specific left/right processing

Answer 92

- it originates from region of the cortex controlling the trunk - fibers are not crossing - it shows bilateral terminations - primarily responsible for the gross and postural movements of the trunk and proximal musculature = controls the trunk near the midline

Answer 93

- run adjacent to the cortico spinal tract - terminates directly on alpha motor neurons in the brain stem - some axons decussation and some descend ipsilaterally resulting in bilateral descending control - directly innervate cranial nerves or through interneurons

Answer 94

``` Located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum : - primary motor cortex - secondary motor cortex —> supplementary motor area —> premotor cortex ```

Answer 95

The motor areas of the cerebral cortex are organized in a somatotopic manner which means that specific motor cortical area controls specific of the contra lateral half of the body

Answer 96

It controls individual movements or sequence of movements that require the activity of several muscle groups. Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord in turn encodes the force of contraction of the muscle groups using the rate code and the size principle. It encodes the parameters that define individual movements or simple movements sequences.

Answer 97

- it fires 5-100 milliseconds before the onset of a movement - encodes the force of the movement - encodes the direction of the movement - encodes the extend of the movement - encodes the speed of the movement

Answer 98

In a bell shape curve of velocity

Answer 99

When we want to move we send info to the muscles but also collateral information to the cerebellum. Then the cerebellum sends this information back to the primary motor cortex about required force, direction and duration. This loop of feedback and change of motor plans allows us improve our movement. This loop happens only for new movements. It is deactivated for known movements.

Answer 100

Action selection = able to focus attention and emotional participation on a single event while suppressing all the other

Answer 101

- caudate - putamen - globus pallidus - subtalamic nucleus - substantia nigra (pars reticula and pars compacta)

Answer 102

- caudate - putamen Together named striatum

Answer 103

- globus pallidus | - substantia nigra (pars reticula)

Answer 104

It is a movement facilitator pathway. The striatum will inhibit the action of globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticula which ends up as an open gate for movement to occur. In this pathway. Substantia nigra pars compact secretes dopamin in the striatum to facilitate this activity of the direct pathway.

Answer 105

The subtalamic nucleus is sending and excitatory signal to the globus palludis and substantia nigra. We know that the efferent part of the basal ganglia inhibit activity of the thalamus. So this activity of the indirect pathway is meant to antagonize the activity of the direct pathway and acts to keep unwanted movement from occurring.

Answer 106

Apraxia + problem planning a specific movement

Answer 107

Both are planning and executing actions based on internalized signals but the first is linked to sensory signals while the second is linked to internalized signals. Supplementary motor area appears to be active in the planning of spontaneously initiated motor sequences independently from any external stimulus. Promotor area appear to be active in programming movement provoked by sensory stimulus (stimulus-response context).

Answer 108

- signals the preparation for movement (motor set neurons) - signals various sensory aspects associated with particular motors acts (mirror neurons) - is sensitive to the behavioural context of a particular movement - signal correct and incorrect actions

Answer 109

- responds to mentally rehearsed motor sequences | - transforms kinematic information into dynamic information

Answer 110

Is anticipatory | Derives from the informations from our senses and experience

Answer 111

The signal picked up by the peripheral receptors is compared to the reference signal and the difference between the 2 (error signal) is used to regulate the motor output.

Answer 112

- an activity or a task that has a specific purpose or a goal to achieve - an indicator of quality of performance

Answer 113

- the extend to which to person can consistently achieve the goal of the task - the to which a person can achieve the goal of a task under a range of different conditions - what is the degree of efficiency

Answer 114

- the voluntary control of movement to achieve a specific goal Motor skills have a goal, they are an indicator of performance and they are performed voluntarily. Skills have to be learnt/ re-learnt and they include movements

Answer 115

The observable production of a voluntary action or motor skill. The motor performance can fluctuate as it can be affected by motivation, fatigue, arousal and physical condition.

Answer 116

The human development from infancy to old age with specific interest in issues related to either motor control or motor learning.

Answer 117

How we learn new skills. The consequence of motor learning is neuroplsticity.

Answer 118

- muscle mass involved - start and end of motion - environmental variability - cognitive involvement - Base of support - upper limb involvement

Answer 119

- the resources of the individual - the characteristics of the environnement - the nature of the task

Answer 120

An understanding of tasks attributes can provide a framework for structuring tasks into at taxonomy. Tasks can then be sequenced from least to most difficult based on their relationship to a shared attribute.

Answer 121

Also called Gentile’s 2 dimensional taxonomy. It’s a multi dimensional classification of skill. It takes into consideration 2 dimensions : - environmental context - motor skill

Answer 122

- performance outcomes measures | - performance production measures

Answer 123

AE = (S I Xi-T I) / N Xi being the trial number T being the target N the total number of trials

Answer 124

CE = S (Xi-T) / N

Answer 125

1) calculate average constante error CE avg = S (Xi - T) / N 2) calculate variables error VE = Racine (CEi -CEavg) squared / N

Answer 126

It the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response

Answer 127

The interval between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movment

Answer 128

- electroencephalography - functional magnetic resonance imaging - near infrared spectroscopy - transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 129

- the amplitude of the curve under and above the horizontal axis shows the number of synchronized neurons.

Answer 130

A motor control theory can provide us a base of support for developing effective skill instructions and practice environments. If we know why people can adapt we can use this knowledge to develop practice to facilite this adaptation capacity.

Answer 131

Movement control center —> instructions —> movement effectors Contains all the informations required for movement execution —> Executes the complete movement —-> produce afferent feedback information but it’s not integrated by the movement control center.

Answer 132

Movement control center —> instructions —> movement effectors —> feedback —> movement control center Contains informations to initiate the movement —> start movement executions —> produce afferent feedback information —>

Answer 133

The feedback because : - it’s not required - it’s detrimental to performance - it’s not fast enoug

Motor Control Flashcards

(157 cards)