Motor Control Brainscape

Question 1

What is the Field of Motor Control?

Answer 1

Study of the nature of movement and how movement is controlled.

Question 2

What is Motor Control?

Answer 2

The ability tregulate or direct the mechanisms
essential tmovement. Movement arises from interaction of all multiple processes, including those related tperception, cognition, and action

Question 3

Stablizing in Space

Answer 3

Posture and Balance

Question 4

Movement in Space

Answer 4

Walking, Reaching

Question 5

Benefits Systems Theory

Answer 5

Predicts behavior better as it considers muscle & skeletal systems, gravity and inertia, and nervous system and sensory system.

Question 6

Limitation of Systems Theory

Answer 6

Does not consider the environment as part of the system.

Question 7

Clinical Implication of Systems Theory

Answer 7

1. Movement nervous system activty filtered through biomech system of body. 2. Must look at nervous and muscoloskeletal system tunderstand loss of Motor Cont. and how ttreat it. 3. Interventions must focus on interactions of impairments across multiple systems.

Question 8

Movement Arises From…

Answer 8

Interaction between multiple processes, including perceptual, cognitive and motor processes within individual AND interactions between individual, task, and environment.

Question 9

Within in individual, movement arises from…

Answer 9

interaction of MULTIPLE processes, including those that are related tperception, cognition, and action

Question 10

Cognitive Processes Include

Answer 10

Attention, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goals.

Question 11

Motor Control

Answer 11

The ability tregulate or direct the mechanisms essential tmovement. Perception, cognition, arousal, sensation, flexibility, strength, tone, pattern of movement

Question 12

Motor Control Requires

Answer 12

Movement requires intent, cognitive processes are essential tmotor control.
Motor control includes perception and action systems that are organized tachieve specific goals,
Study of motor control MUST include the study of cognitive processes as they relate tperception and action

Question 13

Classification of Tasks Stability Mobility

Answer 13

BOS moving/Non-moving

Question 14

Classification of Tasks Organization

Answer 14

Discrete, continuous, serialrecognizable beginning and end?

Question 15

Classification of Motor Cognitive Elements

Answer 15

Primary determinant of movement success – quality of movement or decision about which movement tmake?

Question 16

Classifications of Tasks Motor-Cognitive Elements-Inter-trial Variability

Answer 16

Brush teethlow
Drink from various cupshigh
Step on tescalatornot much
Catch a ballhigh

Question 17

Open Task Constraint on Movement

Answer 17

Variability and Flexible
Changing environment
Greater difficulty tplan movement
Increase demand on information processing systems

Question 18

Closed Task Constraint on Movement

Answer 18

Fixed, habitual patterns
Minimal variation
Lower demand on information processing systems

Question 19

Motor Control Framework-Hedman Model

Answer 19

Initial Conditions 
 Preparation 
 Initiation 
 Execution 
 Termination 
 Movement Outcome

Question 20

Initial Conditions

Answer 20

State of condition and environmental conditions
Parameters
Posture
Ability tinteract with environment (cognitive/affective)
Environmental context

Question 21

Preparation

Answer 21

CNS organization
 3 Stages
Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming

Question 22

Intitiation

Answer 22

Instant displacement of segments begin
 Parameters
Timing
Direction
Smoothness

Question 23

Execution

Answer 23

Actual segmental movement
 Parameters
Amplitude of movement
Direction of movement
Speed of movement
Smoothness of movement

Question 24

Termination

Answer 24

Instant when motion ceases
 Parameters
Timing
Stability
Accuracy

Question 25

Movement Outcome

Answer 25

Goal was reached

Question 26

Key Points of Motor Control

Answer 26

CNS Organization and Open and closed loops

Question 27

Systems Theory

Answer 27

Movement arises from the interaction of multiple processes and individual including 1. perceptual, cognitive and motor processes within the individual, and 2. Interactions between the individual, the task, and the environment. 3. Organism continuously changing mechanical system

Question 28

Task Oriented Theory

Answer 28

Task-Oriented Theory, especially in neurorehab. Clinical practices evolve in parallel with scientific theory, as clinicians assimilate changes in scientific theory and apply them tclinical practice.

Question 29

Motor Learning

Answer 29

Neural adaptations associated with practice and experience that lead ta long term change in the ability tproduce skilled movement. Focus on individual

Question 30

Motor Learning Entails

Answer 30

Motor Learning or Acquisition of skilled movement involves RETENTION GENERALIZABILITY ADAPTABILITY

Question 31

Muscle Performance

Answer 31

Motor Performance Changes in behavior observed during a practice session (may or may not reflect learning). Affected by fatigue, motivation, anxiety

Question 32

Types of Learning and Memory

Answer 32

Declarative (Explicit)conscious recall of events and facts | Procedural (Implicit)tasks performed automatically

Question 33

Declarative Learning

Answer 33

Awareness, Attention and reflection are needed Repetition can transform declarative intprocedural knowledge Can be practiced in other ways then how it was learned Mental practiceinput from medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus

Question 34

Procedural Learning

Answer 34

Tasks that can be performed “automatically” (Habit) Does not require as much attention or conscious thought Develops slowly through repetition of a task under varying conditions Movement schema Rules for moving Involves basal ganglia (striatum) and cerebellum and sensorimotor cortical areas

Question 35

Fitts and Posner 3 Stages of Motor Learning

Answer 35

Cognitive Stageexperimentation stage, lots of variability Figuring out “What tdo” Associative Stage Deciding “How tdo”less variability in performance Autonomous Stagepatient scans for

Question 36

Cognitive Stage - “What tdo”

Answer 36

Requires lots of cognitive processing and lots of error Trying out multiple strategies, serrors random Fast improvement Heavy reliance on vision *High Cognitive Demand with Variable Performance*

Question 37

Associative Stage “How tDo”

Answer 37

Pt knows what tdo Refinement of a selected motor strategy Still improving, but more slowly; Errors more consistent Proprioceptive cues become more important (vs. vision) Learning is improved by opening environment *Less Cognitive Demand with Less Variability*

Question 38

Autonomous Stage “How tSucceed”

Answer 38

Motor performance is largely automatic with little error Automaticity of skill Vary stable performance Minimal cognitive monitoring*Almost nvariability with very low attentional demands* *Attention can be shifted elsewhere with little degradation in performance*

Question 39

Factors That Influence Motor Learning

Answer 39

Instructions Practice Feedback Individual differences

Question 40

Instructions

Answer 40

Demonstration Focus attention tspecific aspects of movement Limit quantity and details of information tmatch cognitive abilities Factors that influence motor learning

Question 41

Practice

Answer 41

``` Environmental factors e.g. open versus closed environments Blocked versus random Blocked practice each task individually Random practice the tasks in random order Part-Task versus Whole-Task ```

Question 42

Feedback

Answer 42

Sensory information, verbal, tactile, biofeedback, visual, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance

Question 43

Factors That Influence Motor Learning

Answer 43

``` FEEDBACK Delayed Summed Faded Bandwidth ```