Motor control of voluntary actions

Question 1

What are th three classes of movement?

Answer 1

• Reflexes
• Voluntary movement
• Rhythmic motor patterns

Question 2

What is an exmaple of rhythmic motor pattern?

Answer 2

Walking, running, chewing

Question 3

What is the purpose of the cortex in the General Model of the Motor System?

Answer 3

Planning, initaitng and directing movement

Question 4

What is the purpose of the Spinal Cord in General Model of the Motor System?

Answer 4

Execution and reflexes

Question 5

What is in the feedback circuit?

Answer 5

Assoication cortex, secondary motor cortex, primary motor cortex, brain stem motor nuclei, spinal motor circuit

Question 6

What is the hierachary of the General Model of the SensoriMotor System?

Answer 6

Assoication cortex

v

Secondary motor cortex

v

Primary motor cortex

v

Brain stem motor nuclei

v

Spinal motor circuit

Question 7

What is the purpose of Strategy in the Motor Control Hierarchy?

Answer 7

Goal of movement

Question 8

Where does Strategy occur?

Answer 8

Neocortex and basal ganglia

Question 9

What is the Tactics in Motor Control Hierarchy?

Answer 9

Sequence of muscle contractions arranged in space & time to smoothly and accurately achieve the strategic goal

Question 10

What is the Execution in Motor Control Hierarchy?

Answer 10

Activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the movement

Question 11

Where does Execution occur?

Answer 11

Brain stem, spinal cord

Question 12

What is Parallel Procesisng?

Answer 12

Flows in parallel over many pathway

Question 13

What is Functional Segregation?

Answer 13

Contain functionally distinct areas that specalise in diffrent analysis

Question 14

What are the different parts to the Secondary motor cortex?

Answer 14

Supplementary motor area

Premotor cortex

Question 15

Where is the Primary motor cortex?

Answer 15

Precentral gyrus

Question 16

What are the sides of the body that the Primary motor cortex controls?

Answer 16

Left primary motor cortex controls the right side.

Right primary motor cortex controls the left side

Question 17

What is the motor homunculus?

Answer 17

Somatotopic map of the msucles int he primary motor cortex

Question 18

What is the function of Primary motor cortex?

Answer 18

Responsible for causing movements of parts of the body on the opposite side

Question 19

What does Primary motor cortex code for?

Answer 19

1) Muscle Force
2) Direction of Movement
3) End Point of a Movement (Final Posture)

Question 20

What happens to the muscle force if there is a resistive load?

Answer 20

More muscle force needed to move the hand - Primary motor coretex neuronal firing increased

Question 21

What is the Population Coding Hypothesis?

Answer 21

Direction to move represents a weighted sum of the directions signalled by the population of cells in the motor cortex

Question 22

What the parts that make up the premotor cortex in the secondary motor cortex?

Answer 22

Dorsal Premotor Cortex (PMd)
Ventral Premotor Cortex (PMv)

Question 23

What are the three supplemntal motar areas in the secondary motor cortex?

Answer 23

• SMA (supplementary motor area)
• preSMA (pre-supplementary motor
  area)
• supplementary eye fields

Question 24

How many cingulate motor areas in the secondary motor cortex?

Answer 24

3

Question 25

What is the purpose of Secondary motor cortex?

Answer 25

- Receives input mainly from association cortices - Projects mainly to primary motor cortex, each other, and brainstem - Premotor areas encode spatial relations and program movements

Question 26

Where does Dorsal and Ventral Premotor cortex (PMd & PMv) receive input sources from the parietal cortex?

Answer 26

- the PMd receives main inputs from the superior parietal lobule, - whereas the PMv receives inputs from the inferior parietal lobule

Question 27

Where does Dorsal and Ventral Premotor cortex (PMd & PMv) receive input sources from the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 27

- the PMd receives main inputs from its dorsal area  - whereas the PMv receives inputs from its ventral area

Question 28

What is the motor significance of sensory signals in Monkey's Dorsal Premotor cortex?

Answer 28

Ablations of the premotor cortex are deficient in an abstractly guided visuomotor task. 

Question 29

What is Bimodal neurons?

Answer 29

Respond to stimuli of two modalities

Question 30

What role does the Doral premotor cortex have in motor preparation?

Answer 30

Motor programming

Question 31

What is the purpose of lesion studies in animal models relating to the ventral premotor cortex?

Answer 31

Produce hemispatial neglect in the monkey

Question 32

Where are mirror neurons found?

Answer 32

In the Ventral Premotor cortex and inferior partietal

Question 33

Where she Supplementary motor area (SMA) active?

Answer 33

Self-initiated movements

Question 34

What are the functions of the supplementary motor areas

Answer 34

Self-initiated movements Sequential, complex movements

Question 35

What is the stimulaiton of Supplementary motor areas?

Answer 35

- Give rise to bilateral movment as it suggested it has a role in coordinating movement on the two sides of the body

Question 36

What does Supplementary motor are respond to?

Answer 36

Guided motor actions

Question 37

What is the purpose of the self-initated sequential movement experiment in human with right supplementary motor area lesion?

Answer 37

Observe a disturbance in the generation of complex movement deapite normal performanc of simple movement

Question 38

What is the test of the self-initated sequential movement experiment in human with right supplementary motor area lesion?

Answer 38

- Elbow flexion and hand squeeze (both tested separately - simple movement simultaneously/sequentially - complex movement)

Question 39

What is the Stop-Signal task/paradigm?

Answer 39

Participants need to respond to a given stimulus while having to inhibit their response when an infrequent stop signal is subsequently presented

Question 40

Damage to what area impars inhibitory control in the stop signal task?

Answer 40

Right superior medial frontal region

Question 41

What si Alien hand syndrome?

Answer 41

Rare disorder of involuntary limb movement with a sense of loss of limb ownership on occasion

Question 42

What areas of th brain is affected to cause alien hand syndrome?

Answer 42

Medial frontal lobe-SMA (frontal variant) Parietal lobe (posterior variant) Corpus callosum (callosal variant)

Question 43

What areas of the brain is the Posterior partietal cortex in?

Answer 43

Area 5 and 7

Question 44

What is the role of Posterior partietal cortex and dual route model of vision?

Answer 44

Perception and action are mediated by separate visual pathways in the cerebral cortex

Question 45

What is the purpose of the dorsal stream in association cortices?

Answer 45

Transforming visual information intot he appropriate coordinates for motor acts

Question 46

What is the purpose fo the ventral stream?

Answer 46

Recognise an object indepdent of its size, orientation and position

Question 47

What does the Posterior paretial cortex use?

Answer 47

Somatosenory, proprioceptive and visual information

Question 48

What is the function of Posterior Paretial cortex?

Answer 48

Used for particular visuomotor actions (e.g reaching, grasping, eye movement) - Processing and perception of action related information - Produce mental body image

Question 49

What is Apraxia?

Answer 49

Inability to perform purposeful actions in the setting of a preserved overall neurological function

Question 50

What is Ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 50

Damage to the inferior parietal lobe of the left hemisphere - patients have trouble in implementing the mental representation of carrying out an action on verbal command

Question 51

What is Contralateral (Hemispatial) Neglect?

Answer 51

Patient is unaware of the contraseional half of space

Question 52

What is the heterogeneity of ufucntions within the prefrontal region?

Answer 52

- attentional selection - short-term memory - anticipatory preparation for action  - selection of actions and their corresponding goals - evaluation of external world and initiation of voluntary reaction in anticipation of consequences of action - inhibition or control of interference - processing information about rewards, errors, and other behaviourally significant events

Question 53

What taks do patients with frontal lobe lesions fail?

Answer 53

Tower of london, Wisconsin card sorting test