Motor Development (part 2) Flashcards
Emergence of Locomotion
Mechanics and structure
Neurological factors
Cognition
Perception
Mechanics and Structure of Locomotion
Forces on the bone and epiphyseal plate (Wolff’s law)
Longitudinal Loading (compression)
Shear Forces (torsion)
Typical positioning and ROM w/ development (physiological flexion: newborn)
Strength for function (not the limiting factor - balance is most important)
Neurological Factors of Locomotion
Descending and ascending pathways: meet environmental demands and requirements of the task
3–10 months: phase of major development and myelination that may contribute to neural organization of locomotion task
Cognition of Locomotion
Understanding
Motivation
Relationship between cognition and physical development
Perception of Locomotion
Interaction with environment
Sensory factors
Requirements of Balance
Range of motion
Postural control
Motivation, intention, cognition
Anticipation and Response for Balance
Feed forward and Feedback to make adjustments and maintain an upright position
Types of Standardized Balance Assessments
Timed (single leg, tandem…)
Standardized (Alberta infant motor, Peabody)
Balance Measures (P-CTSIB, Pediatric balance…)
Strength Requirements for Stability
Head control
Sitting balance
Static standing
Single-leg stance
Strength Requirements for Dynamic Movements (observational)
Reaching in supine
Bringing feet to mouth
Reaching across the body in sitting
Pulling to stand
Floor to stand through bear stance (tripod)
Walking
Jumping
How do we measure strength in children?
Observation
Assessment
Resisted Movements and Handheld Dynamometer
Make it a game
Clear Instructions
Developmental Domains
Sensory
Cognitive
Motor (fine and gross)
Communication
Flexor Withdrawal Reflex
Painful stimulus to foot; leg flexes and withdraws
Onset: birth
Integration: two months
Crossed Extension Relfex
Passively straighten one leg and apply pressure to ball of foot; opposite leg will flex, then extend
Onset: birth
Integration: two months
Palmar Grasp Reflex
Place finger in palm; strong grip
Onset: birth
Integration: five months
Plantar Grasp Reflex
Place thumb on ball of foot; toes clench
Onset: birth
Integration: nine months
Traction Reflex
Pull to sit; total arm flexion
Onset: birth
Integration: four months
Moro Reflex
Scoop the child in supported sit and flex trunk, then suddenly allow head to drop; arms will extend and abduct, then flex and adduct
Onset: birth
Integration: decreases by three months, integrates by six months
Galant Reflex
In ventral suspension, stroke one side of the spine; results in lateral flexion to the same side
Onset: birth
Integration: prior to 12 months
Positive Stepping Reflex
In supported upright position, spontaneous stepping occurs with forward trunk lean
Onset: birth
Integration: two months
Positive Support Reflex
In supported standing position, when foot contacts the support surface, child stands rigidly
Onset: birth
Integration: six months
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
In prone, flexor tone increases; in supine, extensor tone increases
Onset: birth
Integration: six months
Useful with positioning in someone with neurological impairment
Asymmetric Tone Neck Reflex
In supine, head is passively rotated to the side; arm and leg on the side child is facing extend, opposite arm and leg flex (fencer position)
Onset: birth
Integration: 5–6 months
Symmetric Tone Neck Reflex
In supine, head is passively rotated to the side; arm and leg on the side child is facing extend, opposite arm and leg flex (fencer position)
Onset: birth
Integration: 5–6 months
