Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHYSL 372 > Motor disorders - Spasticity > Flashcards

Motor disorders - Spasticity Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis? What are 2 theories for this?

A

Immune system attacks the acetylcholine receptor by producing
antibodies to this receptor. One theory suggests that viral or
bacterial infections trigger the inappropriate immuno-response. Others relate to
abnormalities of thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

External ocular muscles are affected initially in 50% of cases. Followed
by other cranial nerves, proximal muscles, distal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the typical scenario for myasthenia gravis.

A
  • ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
  • blurred vision
  • mouth starts to hang
    open
  • smile resembles a snarl because facial muscles pulling the corner of lips are
    affected first
  • increased difficulty in swallowing, choking etc.
  • weakness of the
    respiratory muscles causing dyspnea (sensation of shortness of breath) upon mild
    exercise
  • spread to trunk and finally limb muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the age of onset of myasthenia gravis in females? males?

A
  • female = 28 years
  • male = 42 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

treatment for myasthenia gravis?

A
  • Remove thymus
  • immunosuppressants: anticholinesterase drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the viral hypothesis for onset of myasthenia gravis.

A
  • herpes simplex virus has same peptide sequence in one area as the ACh receptor
  • T cells and B cells attack and destroy herpes simplex virus
  • T cells and B cells mistake ACh receptor as herpes simplex virus –> AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which muscles is first affected in myasthenia gravis?

A

muscles controlling eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in myasthenia gravis, antibody binding to ACh receptors leads to decreased rate of endocytosis.

A

FALSE: INCREASED rate of endocytosis (faster turnover rate of ACh receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How was myasthenia gravis discovered? What did this experiment provide key evidence for?

A
  • in 1970s, tried to label ACh receptor from electric fish by injecting it into mice, and fluorescently labeling the resultant antibodies
  • experiment went wrong: fish and mouse receptor so similar that antibodies start attacking not only fish ACh receptors but also mouse ACh receptors
  • key evidence that MG is an autoimmune disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the events at the NMJ?

A
  1. motor neuron AP
  2. Ca2+ enter voltage-gated channels
  3. ACh release
  4. Na+ entry to post-synaptic cell
  5. local current between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
  6. muscle fiber action potential initiation
  7. propagated AP in muscle plasma membrane
  8. ACh degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is neostigmine used to treat MG?

A
  • anti-cholinesterase drug
  • prevent breakdown of ACh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neostigmine is reversible. What does this imply about daily intake?

A

you need to keep taking it daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • Immune system attacks myelin and oligodendrocytes in the
    CNS (in stage 1 of disease)
  • Scars near vessels in BBB
    -Local inflammation and then immune attack
  • Later stage of disease occurs about a decade later (stage 2) where axons that lack myelin for many years eventually
    die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the symptoms of MS?

A
  • Blurred vision
  • numbness
  • incoordination
  • speech disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 basic stages of MS symptoms?

A
  1. gradual decline in myelination and an increase in deficits
  2. cycles of symptoms interspersed with remissions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Within 9 years, ____% need cane to walk, as stage 2 of MS progresses.

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cognition is
affected in _____% of MS patients

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the age of onset of MS?

A

20-40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the female to male ratio of MS?

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is it suspected that environmental factors play a role in onset of MS?

A

more prevalent in northern hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: MS is more prevalent in the northern hemisphere

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for MS?

A

corticosteroids or other drugs to SUPPRESS immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the animal model for MS. What is the treatment?

A
  • Inject myelin proteins or CNS tissue together with agents that stimulate the immune system
  • treat with immunosuppressants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathophysiology for Guilain-Barre syndrome?

A

Immune system attacks myelin and Schwann cells in
the peripheral nervous system PNS. Typically follows
infection (EBV, mononucleosis) and associated
inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the main difference between pathophysiology of GBS and MS?
- GBS = attack PNS - MS = attack CNS
26
TRUE or FALSE: MS often resolves spontaneouslty
FALSE: GBS resolves spontaneously
27
TRUE or FALSE: there is no known hereditary predisposition for MS
FALSE: GBS
28
What are the symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
Depends on severity; can lead to paralysis
29
What is the treatment for GBS?
Suppress immune system. If needed, support breathing with respirator until disease resolves.
30
How does loss of myelin cause an axon to die?
1. lose myelin 2. increase number of Na+ channels 3. increase Na+ pumps 4. use more ATP 5. cells swell and die
31
TRUE or FALSE: GBS can be linked to gut biome
FALSE: MS
32
TRUE or FALSE: most people who have MS had GBS before
TRUE
33
TRUE or FALSE: while eye muscles have a 1:1 muscle nerve ration, biceps have 750:1 ratio
TRUE
34
What is the pathophysiology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
motor neuron death in spinal cord (CST); mitochondrial damage
35
What are the symptoms of ALS?
muscle weakness, paralysis
36
When does death occur in ALS? What is the main cause of death?
- death occurs 3-5 years from onset - respiratory failure
37
What are the 2 forms of ALS? Which one more rare?
- sporadic - familial (rare)
38
ALS occurs in __ to __ people per 100, 000.
1 to 3
39
Age of onset for ALS?
40-70 years
40
TRUE or FALSE: ALS is more common in men than women
TRUE
41
What disease did Stephen Hawking have?
ALS
42
TRUE or FALSE: ALS is not always genetically linked
TRUE
43
Which enzyme/gene is mutated in ALS?
superoxidase dismutase (SOD1)
44
What kind of enzyme is SOD1?
mitochondrial
45
SOD1 enzyme protects cells from ___________________________.
reactive oxidase species (ROS), O2-
46
SOD1 mutation causes SOD1 to be _________________.
pro-apoptotic
47
TRUE or FALSE: You need 2 copies of the mutated SOD1 to get ALS
FALSE: you only need a single copy
48
Mutation leads to SOD1 aggregates, oxidative stress and _____________________.
mitochondria damage
49
What is the animal model for ALS? What is the treatment?
- animal model: mutate SOD1 gene - treatment: Na+ channel blocker, RILUZOLE, to stop excessive motorneuron activity, but not effective
50
What is the role of poor Ca2+ buffering in ALS?
poor Ca2+ buffering --> mitochondrial damage (excitotoxicity) --> more ROS --> damage neurons and glial cells
51
TRUE or FALSE: increased AMPARs in ALS leads to more Ca2+ load
TRUE
52
What is the pathophysiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
autosomal recessive disease caused by genetic defect in SMN1 gene, which encodes SMN, a protein widely expressed in all eukaryotic cells
53
SMN1 is apparently selectively necessary for ____________________________, as diminished abundance of the protein results in ________________________ in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and subsequent system-wide _________________________.
development of motor neurons; death of neuronal cells; muscle atrophy
54
What is the most common genetic cause of infant death?
SMA
55
What are the symptoms of SMA?
- weakened muscles - respiratory problems - scoliosis - difficulty walking and sitting
56
What physical symptoms can be used to diagnose SMA?
- poor muscle tone in the limbs and trunk - feeble movements of the arms and legs - swallowing difficulties - a weak sucking reflex - impaired breathing
57
What is major problem for infnats with SMA?
breathing and swallowing difficulties
58
Severity of the SMA disease is reduced with more _______________________, but ______ often makes ___________________.
- copies of the backup gene SMN2 - truncated ineffective SMN
59
Improving function of SMN2 gene by ____________________ _____________________ __________________ cures SMA by ______________ _________ ____________ to make more full length copies of SMN protein.
- antisense oligonucleotide Nusinersen - altering pre-mRNA splicing
60
What is the pathophysiology of Duschene muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
- muscle wasting disease - genetic origin: defect in dystrophin gene, an extremely large gene on X chromosome which encodes the protein dystrophin
61
what does dystrophin do in muscles?
stability by creating a link between the contractile machinery and the extracellular matrix
62
Is DMD more common in males or females? Why?
males bc the dystrophin gene is on the X chromosome
63
When do symptoms for DMD start showing?
age 3
64
Where does weakness occur first in DMD?
legs; child does not run
65
What is pseudohypertrophy and what is it a symptom of?
- disease where leg muscles look big, but it is all fibrous tissue - symptom of DMD
66
Duchene muscular dystrophy can be detected with about ______% accuracy by genetic studies performed during pregnancy.
95
67
WHat is the treatment for DMD?
no treatment
68
What tool can be used to clinically detect muscle diseases?
EMG
69
What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US?
stroke
70
What is the leading cause of disability in the US?
stroke
71
What is the most frequent presenting problem in stroke patients that survive?
hemiplegia, associated with muscle paralyses and spasticity
72
Whta does the right hemisphere control?
- movement of LEFT side of body - anlaytical and perceptual tasks
73
What does the left hemisphere control?
- movement of RIGHT side of body - speech and language skills
74
TRUE or FALSE: if you have a right hemisphere stroke, you will lose control of movement of the right side of the body and speech and language skills
FALSE: lose LEFT control and analytical and perceptual tasks
75
TRUE or FALSE: it is easier to survive a brain stem stroke than a cerebellar stroke
FALSE: brain stem stroke more difficult to survive
76
What is the time window to use clot-busters in stroke?
within 3 hours
77
What is cerebral palsy? What is the main symptom?
- chronic disability of CNS - aberrant control of movement of posture
78
TRUE or FALSE: cerebral palsy is the result of a prgressive neurological disesase
FALSE: it is chronic

PHYSL 372 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions