Motor Exam 3 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Kinematic feedback can allow learners to quickly acquire patterns of coordination that were once considered very difficult, if not impossible, to learn. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
2
Q
Verbal knowledge of performance (KP) statements that specify what a person needs to do to correct a performance error are called _________ KP.
A
prescriptive
3
Q
In the distributing practice within a single practice session context, which of the following statements is true?
A) Continuous skills are learned better with massed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with distributed schedules.
B) Continuous skills are learned better with distributed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.
C) Both continuous and discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.
D) Both continuous and discrete skills are learned better with distributed schedules.
A
B) Continuous skills are learned better with distributed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.
4
Q
An important benefit of the progressive-part practice method is that it
A) keeps practice boredom to a minimum.
B) restricts attention demands on the individual during practice.
C) increases cognitive awareness of the regulatory conditions.
D) facilitates the learning of unimanual coordination skills.
A
B) restricts attention demands on the individual during practice.
progressive part method, AKA segmentation, involves separating the skill into parts and then practicing the parts so that after one part is practiced, it is then practiced together with the next part, and so on
5
Q
What are 2 types of Verbal KP?
A
Descriptive – info about errors (for advanced)
Prescriptive – provides corrective info (for early)
6
Q
Augmented feedback that tells a beginner those aspects of the performance that were correct can serve a motivational role to encourage the person to continue to work on achieving the task goal. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
7
Q
When a person experiences a practice condition where the likelihood of making errors early in practice is high, transfer performance is generally
A) better than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
B) worse than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
C) not different from that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
D) the same as that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
A
A) better than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
8
Q
Identify a true statement about the demonstration that involves beginners observing an unskilled model.
A) It encourages imitation of the unskilled model’s performance of the skill.
B) It encourages the observer to engage in active problem-solving.
C) It enables beginners to perform at a higher level than skilled models.
D) It eliminates the need for a coach to provide feedback to the performer.
A
B. It encourages the observer to engage in active-problem solving
because when beginners watch an unskilled model perform a task, they often notice mistakes or inefficiencies. This observation encourages them to think critically about how to improve or execute the skill properly, rather than passively imitating what they see.
9
Q
Research shows that when augmented feedback is given to a beginner on every practice trial, it can lead to the beginner becoming_________ on it, which typically leads to poor performance when the augmented feedback is not available.
A
dependent
10
Q
A physical therapist is working with a patient who is recovering from a brain aneurysm. The individual is practicing how to hold a cup and drink from it. According to Naylor and Brigg’s hypothesis, the physical therapist should have the patient practice this skill in parts. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
11
Q
The view that modeling benefits skill learning because the model helps the learner develop an accessible representation in memory that will serve as a guide for performing the skill is known as the
A) cognitive mediation theory.
B) symbolic coding theory.
C) dynamic view of modeling.
D) behavioral view
A
A) Cognitive mediation theory
12
Q
If a person throws a series of 50 darts at a target that cannot be seen and is shown the results of each set of 10 throws at the end of every 10 throws, the augmented feedback technique is called the A) performance-bandwidth technique. B) averaged augmented feedback technique. C) summary augmented feedback technique. D) self-selected technique.
A
C) summary augmented feedback technique
type of external feedback provided to a learner after a series of practice trials
13
Q
If a skill is high in complexity & low in organization, how should you practice?
A
Part method
14
Q
To acquire the rhythmic timing of a dance sequence, participants who only heard the model perform the sequence learned it better than those who heard and saw the performance.
⊚ True
⊚ False
A
False, they learned it as well as the others
15
Q
Instructions that direct attention to the movements used to perform the skill will lead to better learning than verbal instructions that direct the performer’s attention to the intended movement outcomes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
False
16
Q
What are the two types of positive reinforcement?
A
Intrinsic & Extrinsic
17
Q
What does it mean to do part practice within the whole practice method?
A
Practice the whole skill but focus the attention on specific parts that need work (momentary intentions)
18
Q
It is preferable to give prescriptive verbal knowledge of performance (KP) to beginners rather than descriptive verbal KP. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
19
Q
Practice schedule A involves two 1-hour practice sessions on each of three days, while schedule B involves one 1-hour practice session on each of six days. In this scenario, schedule A would be referred to as A) blocked practice. B) distributed practice. C) massed practice. D) random practice.
A
C) massed practice.
20
Q
In addition to variations of non-regulatory conditions, practice of open skills also needs to include a variety of experiences with regulatory conditions that change from one attempt to another. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
21
Q
Quantitative knowledge of results (KR) ultimately leads to better motor skill learning than qualitative KR. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
Qualitative KR is too general and lacks the specificity for fine-tuning skills
22
Q
Research supporting the cognitive mediation theory of the benefit of demonstration has shown that observational learning involves the development of effective error detection and correction. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
23
Q
In the context of the timing and frequency of demonstrations, individuals perform better if several demonstrations precede practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false
A
True
24
Q
Each performance of an open skill is unique, because in each performance of the skill, certain characteristics of the movements must match the unique movements required by the_________ conditions.
A
regulatory
25
From a perception point of view, the benefit of observing a skilled demonstration is that the visual system picks up information about the_________ characteristics of the skill.
1.) invariant coordination
26
An important transfer of learning principle to apply to any part-practice strategy is that positive transfer should occur between the practiced parts of a task & between the practiced parts and the whole task. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
27
What is a disadvantage of using a random practice schedule?
Learners **may have more errors in practice** as they adjust to the random schedule
28
When skilled athletes were surveyed about their use of mental imagery, which general type of imagery did they tend to use most often? A) cognitive imagery B) motivation imagery C) visual imagery D) kinesthetic imagery
D) kinesthetic imagery
29
Which of the following best describes a general rule about practice distribution schedules for the length and distribution of practice sessions? A) Distributed practice schedules are better. B) Massed practice schedules are better. C) Both distributed and massed practice schedules lead to the same amount of learning. D) The rule would depend on the type of skill being learned.
A) Distributed practice schedules are better.
30
A drummer who has to learn to perform a piece of music that requires one hand to play a certain rhythm while the other hand plays a different rhythm, should practice according to the_________ method.
fractionization
## Footnote
part-task training method related to asymmetric coordination that involves practicing each arm or leg separately before putting together
31
Define the challenge point hypothesis
Optimally difficult practice conditions should facilitate learning
## Footnote
proposed for determining effective practice conditions based on the difficulty characteristics of the task and person's skill level
32
What is the term used to describe memory and performance disruption?
Contextual Interference
33
When augmented feedback serves to encourage a person to continue striving to achieve a performance goal, augmented feedback functions as A) a guide to correct errors. B) motivation. C) reinforcement. D) task intrinsic feedback.
B) motivation.
34
Voluntary behavior that can be learned by pairing the behavior with consequent reinforcement
Instrumental conditioning
## Footnote
focuses on the idea that behaviors are strengthened or weakened depending on whether they are followed by rewards or punishments
35
List who high contextual interference conditions are best for
For elite athletes or simple tasks
36
The_________ hypothesis predicts that actions will be more effective when a person focuses their attention on the intended outcomes of an action, rather than on the movements required by the skill
action effect
37
List 3 conditions when to provide KP
Skill requires specific mvt.
Mvt. is complex or multi-limb
Goal is kinematic, kinetic, or muscular
38
The term over-learning refers to the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
39
List 4 of the 6 simplification strategies
Add auditory cues, Reduce object difficulty, Vary sequence skill progression, Use simulators/VR, Vary attention demands, Vary speed
40
When a computer graphic showing arm velocity during the performance of a skill is shown to a person, the type of augmented feedback is called_________.
Knowledge of Performance (Movement Kinematics)
41
Practice that continues beyond the amount needed to achieve a performance criterion is
overlearning
42
Which of the following attention-related concepts is essential to apply when giving verbal instructions about how to perform a motor skill? A) attention switching B) limited attention capacity C) attentional spotlight D) visual attention
B) limited attention capacity
43
Research evidence has provided support for both the elaboration and action plan reconstruction hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the contextual interference effect. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
44
Which of the following statements about descriptive and prescriptive verbal knowledge of performance (KP) is correct? A) Descriptive verbal KP is preferable to prescriptive verbal KP early in practice. B) Prescriptive verbal KP is preferable to descriptive verbal KP early in practice. C) Either descriptive or prescriptive verbal KP is appropriate to use early in practice. D) Neither descriptive nor prescriptive verbal KP should be used early in practice.
B) Prescriptive verbal KP is preferable to descriptive verbal KP early in practice.
45
Verbal_________ given along with a demonstration can supplement the visual information and help a person better understand how to perform skills.
1.) Cues
46
Augmented feedback is sometimes referred to as extrinsic or external feedback knowledge of results (KR). ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
47
Which of the following is a reason why more practice can lead to poorer retention and transfer test performance?
A) If the to-be-learned task is too complicated, people become bored.
B) Learners cease to engage in enough cognitive effort to improve. C) The practice of criterion task variations reduces one's capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement variation.
D) Continued practice of the same movement reduces one's capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement variation.
B) Learners cease to engage in enough cognitive effort to improve.
48
List at least 3 of the 6 ways to provide feedback to a learner
After every trial
Summary feedback
Average feedback
Self-selected
Fading technique
Performance bandwidth
49
How can you improve your ability for imagery?
1. Practice in different places & positions
2. Timing should be the same as the actual skill
3. Use technology (biofeedback, HR monitor)
4. Be specific in use
50
Which of the following types of feedback gives information about the movement characteristics that led to a performance outcome? A) task-intrinsic feedback B) sensory performance feedback C) knowledge of results (KR) D) knowledge of performance (KP)
D) knowledge of performance (KP)
51
What are 4 considerations for using the part method?
1. Skil is complex
2. Skill has independent component parts
3. Need more time to practice difficult parts of the skill
4. To give individual sense of accomplishment
52
Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to overestimate how much they are learning during practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
53
An individual is learning a new continuous motor skill. What type of practice distribution should they follow for the length and frequency of their practice sessions and the inter-trial intervals within a practice session (respectively)? A) massed, distributed B) massed, massed C) distributed, distributed D) distributed, massed
C) distributed, distributed
54
The explanation of the contextual interference effect that proposes that the benefit of a random practice schedule is that variations of the skill can be simultaneously compared and contrasted in working memory is known as the_________ hypothesis
elaboration
55
A physical therapist is helping a patient who recently had their leg amputated to walk with a prosthesis. To help the patient, the physical therapist uses a body-weight support system. The therapist is using which simplification strategy?
A) reducing speed
B) reducing attention demands
C) sequencing skill progressions
D) simulators
B) reducing attention demands
56
The sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill is known as A) task-intrinsic feedback. B) augmented feedback. C) concurrent feedback. D) terminal feedback.
A) task-intrinsic feedback.
57
Which of the following is a reason that massed practice is less beneficial than distributed practice when it comes to the length and frequency of the practice?
A) influence of fatigue
B) increased cognitive effort
C) interference of sleep in the consolidation process D) delay in the memory consolidation process
A) influence of fatigue
58
Differences in imagery ability are not just related to an individual's motivation or ability to concentrate but also distinct neurological processing characteristics associated with the ability to produce mental movement images. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
59
In the length and distribution of practice sessions, experiments comparing a fewer and longer practice sessions with more frequent and shorter sessions show that practicing skills during _________ sessions leads to better learning
frequent and shorter
60
If you are told "your score was 16 on that attempt," the type of augmented feedback you received is known as A) sensory feedback. B) augmented sensory feedback. C) knowledge of results (KR). D) knowledge of performance (KP).
C) knowledge of results (KR).
61
Learning is enhanced when learners can self-select when to receive augmented feedback. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
## Footnote
Learners are able to determine the characteristics of the practice conditions
62
The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule. Which of the following practice schedules describes a low-to-high continuum of practice schedules?
A) blocked-serial-random
B) blocked-random-serial
C) serial-random-blocked
D) random-serial-blocked
A) blocked-serial-random
63
Of the two types of imagery that have been categorized, the one that involves people experiencing the sensations that could be expected in an actual performance situation is called_________ imagery.
kinesthetic
64
In the transfer of learning context, the inclusion of movement and context_________ in practice can be seen as a means of enhancing positive transfer from the practice to the test contexts.
variability
65
In contrast to the neuromuscular hypothesis, the brain activity hypothesis proposes that mental practice is effective because of neurophysiological differences between the imagined and the actual movements. ⊚ true ⊚ false
False
## Footnote
It is because of the *similarities* between the imagined and actual movements
66
A person who visually imagines themselves performing a skill from the perspective of an observer is performing A) external imagery. B) internal imagery. C) kinesthetic imagery. D) first-person imagery.
A) external imagery.
67
It is important that the verbal instructions given to a beginner should not exceed that person's limited_________ capacity to attend to information.
1.) attention cognitive
68
Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include A) speed of a tennis ball during a rally. B) score of a baseball game. C) number of spectators at a game. D) color of the tennis court surface.
A) speed of a tennis ball during a rally.
69
What is one reason why the increase in errors caused by higher levels of contextual interference may be positive for learning? A) Making more errors enhances the capability to detect and correct said errors. B) More errors create cognitive confusion, which is good for learning. C) More errors involve lesser attention demands, which leads to higher physiological activation. D) Making more errors motivates learners to keep trying and learning.
A) Making more errors enhances the capability to detect and correct said errors.
70
The hypothesis that explains the contextual interference effect based on the argument that intervening practice trial causes individuals to forget critical information encoded in the previous trial is the A) action plan reconstruction hypothesis. B) elaboration hypothesis. C) interference hypothesis D) practice specificity hypothesis.
A) action plan reconstruction hypothesis.
71
In the Singer five-step learning strategy, how many of the five steps involve elements of mental practice.
Mental rehearsal - Practice and refinement of the skill - Self-talk
## Footnote
1. Get ready emotionally, physically, mentally
2. Imagine performing action (visually and kinesthetically)
3. Concentrate on one cue
4. Execute action
5. Evaluate performance outcome
72
The "guidance hypothesis," which relates to the frequency of knowledge of results (KR), challenges which traditional viewpoint about the best frequency for KR? A) The more frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be. B) The less frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be. C) A combination of 100% and relative frequency leads to the best learning. D) More frequent KR early in practice and less frequent KR later in practice leads to the best learning.
A) The more frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be.
73
When mental practice involves visual imagery, it can take the form of internal or external imagery. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
74
If a skill is low in complexity but high in organization, how should you practice?
Whole method
75
According to the Naylor and Briggs hypothesis, whole practice is recommended for skills that are A) high in task complexity and low in task organization. B) low in task complexity and high in task organization. C) high in task complexity and high in task organization. D) low in task complexity and low in task organization.
B.) low in task complexity and high in task organization.
76
Research has demonstrated that mental imagery ability is an individual-difference variable that influences the success of mental practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
77
When a learner watches a demonstration, what is seen?
1. Invariant features of the motor program
2. Movement coordination
3. Error detection & correction (novice learning)
4. Timing (vision & auditory)
78
What is the difference between fractionization & segmentation?
Fractionization - asymmetric coordination skills where one practices each arm or leg separately
Segmentation - sequential skills; separate skills into parts; practice 1 part then add second part then practice parts 1 & 2 together, then add part 3, etc.
79
What are the 3 characteristics needed for imagery to work?
Controllability, Vividness, & Perspective (internal/external)
80
If a person is given augmented feedback based on a "performance bandwidth," then the feedback is given when the amount of error is_________ an acceptable range. A) greater than B) lesser than C) equal to D) lesser than or greater than
A) greater than
81
Giving augmented feedback to a beginner only when they request it is better than giving augmented feedback on every trial. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
## Footnote
* Encourages self-reliance
* Reduces dependency
* Promotes problem-solving
* Enhances motivation
* Prevents overload
* Supports guidance hypothesis - less frequent FB improves long-term retention
82
List the 3 types of muscle-to-mind relaxation techniques & an example of each
1. Diaphragmatic Breathing - rhythmic breathing
2. Controlled tempo - 1:2 ratio
3. 5 to 1 - visualizing #s with inhale/exhale)
83
A term that can be used synonymously with mental practice is_________.
mental rehearsal
84
In experiments that compare all-mental practice to all-physical practice and no practice conditions, results typically show that participants in the all-mental practice condition learn the skill
A) as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.
B) better than those in either the all-physical practice or the no practice conditions.
C) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition and about the same as those in the no practice condition.
D) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.
D) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.
85
Research has shown that to achieve the best learning of skills that require both speed and accuracy, the initial verbal instructions should emphasize A) speed rather than accuracy. B) accuracy rather than speed. C) both speed and accuracy. D) either speed or accuracy.
B. Accuracy rather than speed
86
The ________ hypothesis proposes that augmented feedback on every practice trial has a positive effect on practice performance, but has a negative effect on learning the skill.
guidance
87
Which of the following describes a simplification strategy for facilitating the acquisition of a complex skill? A) performing a dance routine at a faster tempo for practicing a complex dance routine B) practicing leg kick first, arm action next, and then both together to learn breaststroke in swimming C) practicing each arm individually and then the two arms simultaneously while playing the guitar D) adding an auditory sound designating rhythmic beat or tempo for practicing gait control
D) adding an auditory sound designating rhythmic beat or tempo for practicing gait control
88
What is a disadvantage of using a blocked practice schedule?
Learners **overestimate** the amount they have learned
89
What are these both (mirror neurons & *dynamic view of modeling*) addressing?
Why learning occurs when one observes a demonstration/model
90
In most experiments investigating mental practice and motor skill learning, mental practice alone typically results in learning that is_________ than no physical practice.
better
91
What does the term task organization refer to in the motor skills context? A) the difficulty of the task B) the spatial-temporal relationships among the parts of the task C) the amount of cognitive effort required by the task D) the number of components in the task
B) the spatial-temporal relationships among the parts of the task
92
A progressive part method of practicing a skill has also been called a_________ method of part-task training.
segmentation
93
The neuromuscular explanation for the effectiveness of mental practice has been supported by research showing A) electromyography (EMG) activity in muscles even though the limbs are not moving. B) increased blood flow to appropriate muscles during mental practice. C) muscle activity that causes limbs to move involuntarily. D) muscle spasm activity during mental practice.
A) electromyography (EMG) activity in muscles even though the limbs are not moving.
94
What are mirror neurons?
| modeling & demonstrations
A class of visuomotor neurons that fire both when you perform a motor skill and when you observe someone else performing the same or similar skill.
95
What are 4 considerations for using whole practice?
| opposite of part
1. Skill is not complicated
2. Skill is not dangerous
3. Working with elite athletes
4. Athelete's attention span can handle whole method
96
Raoul practiced a skill for 30 seconds and then rested for 5 seconds between trials. Scarlett practiced the same skill for 30 seconds and rested for 40 seconds between trials. Which of the following best describes their practice situation? A) Raoul's practice is distributed; Scarlett's is massed. B) Raoul's practice is massed; Scarlett's is distributed. C) Both are in a massed practice condition. D) Both are in a distributed practice condition.
B) Raoul's practice is massed; Scarlett's is distributed.
97
Baddely and Longman (1978) compared various massed and distributed training schedules for training postal workers and found the worst schedule for learning to be A) 2-hour sessions twice a day for 3 weeks. B) 2-hour sessions once a day for 6 weeks. C) 1-hour sessions twice a day for 6 weeks. D) 1-hour sessions once a day for 12 weeks.
A) 2-hour sessions twice a day for 3 weeks.
98
List 3 conditions for when to provide KR (Knowledge of Results)
| the outcome of a mvt. in relation to goal
1. When task-intrinsic FB is not available
2. Working with early learners
3. To motivate/promote active learning
99
According to Gentile, variable practice experiences for closed skills that involve inter-trial variability should focus on varying
A) both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
B) the regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
C) the non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
D) both high and low contextual interference conditions related to performing the skill.
A) both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
100
Although research supports overlearning as an effective practice strategy for learning motor skills, it is important to remember that the amount of practice is A) more important than variability for influencing skill learning. B) not considered along with other practice-related variables. C) not the critical variable influencing skill learning. D) the most critical variable influencing skill learning.
C) not the critical variable influencing skill learning.
101
Removing an aversive stimuli to increase the probability of the behavior occurring again in the future is ____ reinforcement.
Negative
102
The use of virtual reality to train surgeons to perform laparoscopic surgery utilizes which method of part-whole practice? A) fractionization B) segmentation C) simplification D) progressive part method
C) simplification
103
Although the experiment involving the training of U.S. Army soldiers to assemble and disassemble a machine gun found that both the immediate overtraining and the "refresher" overtraining yielded similar beneficial retention results, they recommended the use of the _________ overtraining procedure.
immediate
104
A motor skill that is low in task organization and high in task complexity should be practiced by the _________ method
part practice
105
If a motor skill should not be physically separated for part-practice, an alternative part-practice strategy for learners is to A) discuss any problems related to a particular part of the skill with an instructor. B) observe a demonstration of the part of the skill they are having difficulty with. C) practice the whole skill but focus attention on specific parts that need work. D) have the instructor tell you what needs to be done to improve a specific part of the skill.
C) practice the whole skill but focus attention on specific parts that need work.
106
In a physical rehabilitation setting, the experiment by Page and colleagues (2005) showed improvements in stroke patients' use of their affected limb when they engaged in mental practice A) in addition to physical practice of the affected limb. B) in addition to practicing relaxation techniques. C) instead of physical practice of the affected limb. D) of using their unaffected limb.
A) in addition to physical practice of the affected limb.
107
A knowledge of performance (KP) statement that simply describes the error the performer has made is referred to as A) a descriptive KP statement. B) a prescriptive KP statement. C) biofeedback. D) manual guidance.
A) a descriptive KP statement.
108
The interval of time between the completion of a movement and the presentation of augmented feedback between the completion of a movement and the presentation of augmented feedback is the_________ interval.
KR-delay
109
List the 4 types of task-intrinsic feedback
| the senses
Visual, Auditory, Proprioceptive, Tactile
110
Rewarding a rat once every 5 presses, then once every 10 presses, then once every 2 presses is **what type of reinforcement schedule**?
Variable ratio
111
What do results consistently show for the effects of MP vs PP vs NP vs PP + MP?
PP > PP + MP > MP > NP
112
Sleep improves the memory consolidation process which may be one reason why distributing practice sessions is more successful than massing practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
113
List & define the 2 theories that explain contextual interference
1. Elaboration - enhances the strength and quality of the memory representation of mvt. variations in practice
2. Action Plan Reconstruction - refinement of motor program processes
114
Think of a closed motor skill with no inter-trial variability. How would you vary practice conditions?
Vary non-regulatory conditions and focus on contextual interference
| Bowling ball ex. (around the same range of release on every trial)
115
Research has shown that when individuals observe movement with the intent to imagine themselves imitating the motions, activity can be detected via fMRI in which brain region? A) inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) B) parietal cortex C) lateral temporal cortex D) supplementary motor area (SMA)
D. Supplementary motor area (SMA)
116
Most research shows that when augmented feedback is based on performance errors versus correct aspects of performance A) error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning. B) correct performance feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning. C) error-based feedback is better early in practice, but correct performance feedback is better later in practice. D) correct performance feedback is better early in practice, but error-based feedback is better later in practice.
A) error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning.
117
According to the experiment by Knapp and Dixon, to learn to juggle three objects, which is a complex task that is high in task organization, practice should engage the_________ method.
whole practice
118
What does the term task complexity refer to in the motor skills context? A) the difficulty of the task B) the spatial/temporal relationships among the parts of the task C) the variations in the performance context characteristics D) the number of components in a skill
D) the number of components in a skill
119
One activity shown to actually benefit skill learning when it occurs in the KR-delay interval is A) practicing another skill that has KR presented on each trial. B) performing any type of motor skill. C) estimating outcome error of another person's movement. D) estimating one's own performance outcome error.
D) estimating one's own performance outcome error.
120
The theory that states we see how level muscle activity during MP which strengthen pathways is called the _______
Neuromuscular hypothesis
121
Identify the conclusion provided by the research on the visual perception of motion. A) People recognize different gait patterns accurately when they see the entire body move. B) People recognize different gait patterns quickly when they see all the limbs move. C) People perceive any one characteristic of the gait to distinguish one type of pattern from another. D) People use the invariant relative time relationship between two components of gait.
D. People use the invariant relative time relationship between two components of gait
122
One reason for proposing a neuromuscular explanation for the benefit of mental practice is that_________ activity has been observed in limbs during mental practice.
electromyographic (EMG)
123
According to Proteau's hypothesis about the specificity of learning, motor skill learning is specific to the sources of_________ information available during practice.
sensory feedback
124
What is the definition of massed practice?
| in terms of rest
A type of practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is very short
125
Longer augmented feedback summaries are better for learning A) complex skills. B) simple skills. C) open skills. D) closed skills.
A) complex skills
126
In the motor learning context, high contextual interference conditions require learners to engage more actively in_________ activity during practice schedule.
problem-solving
127
Research finds that learning effects between physical practice only and combinations of physical and mental practice are relatively similar. ⊚ true ⊚ false
True
128
The cognitive explanation for the mental practice effect is consistent with the role cognitive activity plays in A) the intermediate stage of learning. B) the first stage of learning. C) the later stages of learning. D) the transitional stage of learning.
B) the first stage of learning.
129
_________ feedback is performance-related feedback directly available to the sensory system during the performance of a skill.
Task-intrinsic
130
The two categories of augmented feedback are
Knowledge of Results (Why) & Knowledge of Performance (How)
131
List the 9 conditions when MP is beneficial to use
1. Supplementing practice
2. When practice is not possible
3. When cognitive components are stressed
4. To build confidence
5. To focus attention
6. Developing strategy/problem-solving
7. During rehab
8. After injury/surgery
9. In a pre-performance routine
132
Making a complex skill less difficult is known as the_________ method.
simplification
133
Concurrent augmented feedback always has negative effects on motor skill learning. ⊚ true ⊚ false
False
134
When utilizing a part-practice strategy, parts of the skill that are_________ should be practiced separately. A) high difficult B) highly related C) relatively independent D) relatively interdependent
C) relatively independent
135
What is the dynamic view of modeling?
It suggests that observing a skilled model automatically guides the learner’s movement without needing to engage in cognitive mediation, as the visual system directly influences the motor control system.
## Footnote
Vision constrains motor control; skips symbolic coding
Temporal system - no need to store memory code
Direct relationships between vision & learning through observations
136
Think of a closed motor skill with inter-trial variability. How would you vary practice conditions?
## Footnote
intertrial variability - if regulatory conditions change or stay the same between trials
Vary both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
| Free throw shot (shooting 5ft, 10ft, 15ft)
137
When augmented feedback is given while a person is performing a skill or movement, it is known as_________ augmented feedback.
concurrent
