Motor Pathways

Question 1

Descending pathways are directly influenced by the ____ and ____

Answer 1

sensorimotor cortex and brainstem

Question 2

Descending pathways are indirectly influenced by the ____, ____, _____, and ____

Answer 2

thalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and higher brain centers like premotor cortex

Question 3

Conscious planning of movement occurs in the ___

Answer 3

premotor cortex

Question 4

Specific movements or postures to accomplish planned movements are determined in the ___, ____, ____, ____, and ____

Answer 4

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal nuclei, thalamus, and brainstem

Question 5

Performance of the plan and reflex arcs occur in local level structures within the ____ and ____, and ___

Answer 5

brainstem and spinal cord, PNS

Question 6

Planning and ongoing control of voluntary movements occurs in the _____

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

Descending pathways come from the _____ and ____

Answer 7

primary motor cortex and premotor area

Question 8

Sensory comes from ____ cortex, ____ cortex, ____ cortex, and _____ cortex

Answer 8

somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, vestibular cortex, and parietal lobe association cortex

Question 9

The vestibular cortex is located in the ____

Answer 9

insular lobe

Question 10

The parietal association cortex is located ____

Answer 10

just behind the post-central gyrus

Question 11

The looping parallel circuits are in the ____; what do they do?

Answer 11

basal nuclei; either facilitate movement or suppress movement

Question 12

What is the pathway of a looping parallel circuit?

Answer 12

sensorimotor cortex to basal nuclei to thalamus to premotor cortex

Question 13

The ______ is the nucleus within midbrain containing the pars reticulata and pars compacta

Answer 13

substantia nigra

Question 14

Pars reticulata neurons receive input from ____ and ____

Answer 14

the basal and subthalamic nuclei

Question 15

Pars reticulata neurons release ____

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

The GABA released from the pars reticulata projects to the ___, ____, and ____

Answer 16

thalamus, superior colliculi, and pars compacta

Question 17

The _____ neurons have spontaneous action potentials that inhibit the pars compacta

Answer 17

pars reticulata

Question 18

The pars compacta neurons project to the ____ and excite neurons by releasing ___

Answer 18

basal nuclei; dopamine

Question 19

_____ in inhibition of the pars compacta are associated with movement

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

_____ neurons modulate the firing rate of spontaneous action potentials from pars reticulata

Answer 20

subthalamic nucleus

Question 21

In Parkinson’s disease, the neurons in pars compacta of the ____ degenerate; there is less dopamine to the basal nuclei; there is a decrease in activation of the motor cortex by the basal nuclei

Answer 21

substantia nigra

Question 22

The ____ influences movement via the thalamus

Answer 22

cerebellum

Question 23

The ____ receives information from the sensorimotor, vestibular and visual cortices

Answer 23

cerebellum

Question 24

The cerebellum is involved in _____, ____, and _____

Answer 24

planning movements; providing timing signals to the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord for precise execution of a motor program; and comparing what the body is doing to what it planned to do

Question 25

The ___ and ____ are the pyramidal tracts

Answer 25

anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 26

The ___, ____, and ___ are extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 26

rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, and vestibulospinal tract

Question 27

In the ___ and ___ tracts, the UMN originate in the primary and premotor cortices and also receive input from sensory areas of the parietal lobe; the axons travel through the posterior part of the internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, pons, and pyramid of the medulla

Answer 27

corticospinal and corticobulbar

Question 28

The ____ corticospinal tract has bilateral projections to proximal (neck and trunk) muscles and crosses over in the spinal cord

Answer 28

anterior

Question 29

The ____ corticospinal tract has contralateral projections to limb muscles and crosses over in the medulla

Answer 29

lateral

Question 30

The ___ tract is from sensorimotor cortex to cranial nerve nuclei, red nuclei, and reticular formations in the brain and crosses over at the brainstem. It controls movements of the eyes, face, neck, tongue, and throat

Answer 30

corticobulbar

Question 31

The bilateral innervation of the ____ tract is to the upper part of CN 7, CN 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10

Answer 31

corticobulbar

Question 32

The contralateral innervation of the ____ tract is to the lower part of CN 7, and CN 11 and 12

Answer 32

corticobulbar

Question 33

The _____ tract causes reflexive movements to maintain posture and balance

Answer 33

vestibulospinal tract

Question 34

In the vestibulospinal tract, vestibular nuclei receive information through the vestibular nerve about _____

Answer 34

changes in the orientation of the head

Question 35

The ____ vestibular tract has bilateral projections to neck and trunk muscles and crosses over in the medulla

Answer 35

medial

Question 36

The ___ vestibular tract has ipsalateral projections to limb muscles

Answer 36

lateral

Question 37

The _____ tract integrates information to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture

Answer 37

reticulospinal

Question 38

In the reticulospinal tract, the reticular formation receives input from the ___, ___, and ___

Answer 38

vestibular nuclei, cerebellum, and sensorimotor cortex

Question 39

In the ____ reticulospinal tract the cell bodies are in the medullary reticular formation and the bilateral projections to neck and trunk cross over in the medulla

Answer 39

lateral

Question 40

In the ____ reticulospinal tract the cell bodies are in the pontine reticular formation and the ipsilateral projections to limb muscles

Answer 40

medial

Question 41

In the ____ tract, the red nucleus receives input from the cerebellum and sensorimotor cortex; projection is contralateral

Answer 41

rubrospinal

Question 42

In the rubrospinal tract, the red nucleus nuerons cross over, then they synapse with LMN in the ___ and ___; activation of this tract causes excitation of ____ and inhibition of ____

Answer 42

brainstem and spinal cord; flexor muscles; extensor muscles

Question 43

In the ____ tract, the superior colliculi nuclei receives input from visual and auditory nuclei; there is bilateral projection that crosses over in the midbrain

Answer 43

tectospinal

Question 44

In the tectospinal tract, the superior colliculi neurons project to CN nuclei and the spinal cord and the visual reflex is to ______

Answer 44

turn eyes and head toward stimulus