Motor Speech Disorders L1

Question 1

How many subsystems of speech are there?

Answer 1

Five

Question 2

Name the subsystems of speech.

Answer 2

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
Resonance
Prosody

Question 3

What is phonation also know as?

Answer 3

Voicing

Question 4

What are suprasegmental aspects of speech?

Answer 4

Prosody
- Intonation
- Tone
- Pitch
Rhythm

Question 5

What are the Segmental features of speech?

Answer 5

Consonants and vowels (phonemes)

Question 6

Dysarthrias affect an individual’s ability to…..

Dysarthria ‘RATTSSS

Answer 6

Control and execute speech

- neuromuscular execution

Question 7

Apraxias affect an individual’s ability to….

Answer 7

Plan and program speech

motor speech planning, programming and control

Question 8

MSD is an umbrella term for…?

Answer 8

Apraxia’s and Dysarthria’s

Question 9

Is apraxia cognitive or neurological?

• Apraxia will be revisited later on. Prepare to edit

Answer 9

Cognitive
- it’s not about damage to peripheral nerves, rather a reduced capacity of the brain to plan.

• the person and brain still know what they should be doing and how they should be doing it

Question 10

Symptoms vs Signs

Answer 10

Sign - what the clinician observes and identifies, characteristics.

Symptoms - what the patient feels/notes

Question 11

Dysarthria affects muscle movement. List 7 symptoms/signs of these impacts.

Answer 11

Changes in:
Tone
Speed
Strength
Steadiness
Range
Timing
Accuracy

Question 12

What does RATTSSS mean as Dysarthric signs/symptoms?

Answer 12

A change in
Range
Accuracy
Timing
Tone
Speed
Strength
Steadiness

Question 13

What does intelligibility mean?
How does it differ to comprehensibility?

Answer 13

Intelligibility - ‘the degree to which the acoustic signal is understood by a listener’’ (Yorkston, Kennedy & Strand, 1996, p.56)Comprehensibility - how language and gestures are understood

Question 14

What are Dysarthrias?

Answer 14

Neurologically based speech disorders that affect RATTSSS due to disordered muscle movements.
This affects the 5 subsystems of speech PARRP

Question 15

What are PARRPs?

Answer 15

The 5 subsystems of speech
Phonation
Articulation
Resonance
Respiration
Prosody

Question 16

Incidence vs Prevalence

Answer 16

Incidence - how many onsets
Prevalence - how many cases at a time

Question 17

What are the 3 models of the dysathrias?

Answer 17

Social
Medical
Mayo Clinic

Question 18

Explain the Medical Model of Dysarthrias

Answer 18

Looks at presentation and cause

Question 19

What are the two key groups, the two key classifications, of the medical model of Dysarthrias?

Answer 19

Acute onset (3)

Progressive (2)

Question 20

What are the three acute onsets of dysathria?

Answer 20

TIA
Improving (stroke/TBI
Chronic/stable (long term

Question 21

What are the two forms of Progressive Dysarthrias?

Answer 21

Parkinson’s, Huntingson’s
- continual decline

MS
- remitting + relapsing

Question 22

How many key clusters of Dysarthria has the Mayo Clinic identified?

Answer 22

eight
HAHFUUMS

Question 23

What is HHAFUUMS

Answer 23

The key clusters of dysarthrias identified by the mayo clinic.

Hypokinetic
Hyperkinetic
Ataxic
Flaccid
Spastic
Mixed
Unilateral Upper Motor
Undetermined

Question 24

Give the 8 key clusters identified by the Mayo Clinic

Answer 24

Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Ataxic
Flaccid
Spastic
Mixed
Unilateral Upper Motor
Undetermined

Question 25

What is Ataxic Dysarthria?

Answer 25

Damage to the cerebellum causing incoordination.

Question 26

Is Parkinson's Hypo or Hyper-kinetic?

Answer 26

Hypo

Question 27

Is Huntingson's Hypo or Hyper kinetic?

Answer 27

Hyper

Question 28

Which two assessments, used in the UK on dysarthria, are based on the Mayo Clinic key clusters? Of the two, which is the most used?

Answer 28

Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment Robertson Dysarthria Profile Frenchay (FDA)

Question 29

Which two Dysarthrias identified by the Mayo Clinic, are extrapyramidal and formed from damage to the basal ganglia?

Answer 29

Hypo and Hyper kinetic

Question 30

What structure of the basal ganglia controls movement?

Answer 30

Substantia Nigra

Question 31

Where in the brain in the basal ganglia located?

Answer 31

Midbrain

Question 32

The Pars Reticula and Pars Compacta are areas of which structure? What role(s) do they have?

Answer 32

Substantia Nigra Compacta - produces dopamine to control movement Reticula - regulates unwanted movement

Question 33

What is the Neuromotor effect of Hypokinetic Dysarthria?

Answer 33

Rigidity/reduced movement

Question 34

What is the Neuromotor effect of Hyperkinetic Dysarthria?

Answer 34

Abnormal movements

Question 35

Dystonia and Choreiform are signs of which Dysarthria?

Answer 35

Hyperkinetic

Question 36

Dystonia vs Choreiform

Answer 36

Dystonia (prolonged muscle contractions - typically seen as turning limbs inwards [ThisTrippyHippy] Choreiform - random and unpredictable movements

Question 37

Why does damage to upper motor neurons cause spasticity?

Answer 37

These neurons leave the brain, enter the spinal cord and synapse with lower motor neurons which exit the spinal cord. These neurons don't cause muscle movement directly, but initiate it. If they don't work, the lower motor neurons have unregulated movements.

Question 38

If an individual has Flaccid Dysarthria, what is the neuromotor effect, and what structures(s) has been damaged?

Answer 38

Effect - weakness Lower motor neurons are damaged - no signals reaching effector muscles

Question 39

Motor Speech Disorders are the result of damage to....

Answer 39

The central and/or peripheral nervous system. (Cranial/spinal nerves)

Question 40

Is Dysarthria a MSD where neuromuscular execution is impacted (control and execution) or where motor speech planning, programming and control is impacted (planning and programming?)

Answer 40

Neuromuscular execution

Question 41

'Motor speech processes' is a general term for which combined processes of speech?

Answer 41

speech motor planning, programming, control and execution

Question 42

Does aprosodia affect both comprehension and expression of prosody?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

What are MSDs?

Answer 43

Speech disorders due to neurologic impairment affecting planning, programming, execution and control of speech.