Motor System

Question 1

Leadpipe + tremor causes a series of “catches”

Answer 1

cogwheel rigidity

Question 2

what are the 2 most commonly used medications to decrease spasticity?

Answer 2

baclofen and Botox

Question 3

what is produced when lack of UMN control allows activation of abnormal reflex activity in spinal cord?

Answer 3

clonus

Question 4

what are 3 effects of interrupted LMN signals?

Answer 4

Loss of reflexes – Atrophy – Flaccidity/hypotonia

Question 5

When a paretic muscle is slowly and passively stretched, resistance drops at a specific point in the ROM

Answer 5

clasp-knife response

Question 6

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: loss of LMN input to skeletal muscles

Answer 6

flaccidity

Question 7

Abnormal, PROLONGED shortening of soft tissue (not just muscle)

Answer 7

contractures

Question 8

complete loss of muscle tone

Answer 8

flaccidity

Question 9

velocity-dependent increase in resistance to stretch

Answer 9

spasticity

Question 10

How muscle resists during passive stretch: less than normal resistance

Answer 10

hypotonia

Question 11

what muscle tone disorder occurs with basal ganglia disorders and severe lesions affecting the midbrain or structures above the midbrain?

Answer 11

rigidity

Question 12

On the MAS, what number represents: more marked increase in muscle tone through most of ROM, but the affected part is easily moved?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

what assessment measures spasticity?

Answer 13

Modified Ashworth Scale

Question 14

The ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles (essential for hand function)

Answer 14

fractionation of movement

Question 15

On the MAS, what number represents: no increase in muscle tone?

Answer 15

0

Question 16

which treatment for spasticity prevents LMN from releasing ACh?

Answer 16

Botox

Question 17

abnormally low muscular resistance to passive stretch

Answer 17

hypotonia

Question 18

basic unit of striated muscle tissue

Answer 18

sarcomere

Question 19

when an action potential travels down a T tubule, what is released?

Answer 19

calcium

Question 20

On the MAS, what number represents: affected part is rigid in flexion or extension (abduction or adduction)

Answer 20

4

Question 21

what muscle tone disorder occurs with LMN disorders, severe spina bifida, floppy infant syndrome?

Answer 21

flaccidity

Question 22

These lesions are caused by: Spinal cord injury, spastic CP, MS, stroke

Answer 22

UMN lesions

Question 23

If testing a muscle that primarily extends a joint, place the joint in a maximally _______ position and move to a position of maximal ________ over one second

Answer 23

extended; flexion

Question 24

If testing a muscle that primarily flexes a joint, place the joint in a maximally ________ position and move to a postion of maximal _________ over one second

Answer 24

flexed; extension

Question 25

These lesions are caused by: Trauma, infection, degenerative or vascular disorders, tumors

Answer 25

LMN lesions

Question 26

where would an implanted pump deliver baclofen?

Answer 26

subarachnoid space

Question 27

what muscle tone disorder occurs with developmental disorders (trisomy 21, CP), temporarily following UMN lesions during neural shock, and LMN disorders?

Answer 27

hypotonia

Question 28

what generally causes loss of fractionation of movement?

Answer 28

UMN lesions: Damage to lateral corticospinal tract

Question 29

When healthy innervated muscle is continuously immobilized in a shortened position for a prolonged period, what disappear from the ends of myofibrils?

Answer 29

sarcomeres

Question 30

what muscle tone disorder occurs with chronic UMN lesions, TBI, MS?

Answer 30

spasticity

Question 31

what are 4 effects of UMN lesions?

Answer 31

Paresis/Paralysis – Loss of fractionation of movement – Abnormal reflexes – Hypertonia

Question 32

what causes the LMN excessive excitability that leads to spasticity?

Answer 32

Absence of corticospinal inhibition to LMNs

Question 33

what substance connects the M and Z lines of a muscle fiber, keeping the muscle from being pulled apart?

Answer 33

titin

Question 34

lack of reciprocal inhibition (simultaneous firing of antagonist and agonist muscles)

Answer 34

co-contraction

Question 35

clasp-knife response is associated with what kind of lesion?

Answer 35

UMN lesion

Question 36

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: decreased descending facilitation resulting in fewer weak actin-myosin bonds, excessive muscle length, decreased LMN input to skeletal muscles

Answer 36

hypotonia

Question 37

On the MAS, what number represents: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of ROM?

Answer 37

1+

Question 38

How muscle resists during passive stretch: no resistance

Answer 38

flaccidity

Question 39

where are the cell bodies for LMNs?

Answer 39

brainstem or spinal cord

Question 40

How muscle resists during passive stretch: excess resistance that increases with movement

Answer 40

spasticity

Question 41

which spasticity medication causes inhibition in spinal cord stretch reflex pathways (CNS depressant)?

Answer 41

baclofen

Question 42

resistance to stretch present throughout entire ROM

Answer 42

lead pipe rigidity

Question 43

How muscle resists during passive stretch: excess resistance that does not change with speed of stretch

Answer 43

rigidity

Question 44

projections that go from superficial to deep into the muscle

Answer 44

Transverse tubules

Question 45

velocity-independent increase in resistance to stretch

Answer 45

rigidity

Question 46

On the MAS, what number represents: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of ROM?

Answer 46

1

Question 47

When an action potential is generated from a LMN, what is released?

Answer 47

Ach

Question 48

On the MAS, what number represents: considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement is difficult?

Answer 48

3

Question 49

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: direct UMN facilitation of alpha motor neurons

Answer 49

rigidity

Question 50

what synapses with motor end plates on muscle fibers?

Answer 50

LMNs

Question 51

a group of sacs of calcium adjacent to every T tubule

Answer 51

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 52

Involuntary, repeated rhythmic contractions of a single muscle group

Answer 52

clonus

Question 53

clonus is associated with what kind of lesions?

Answer 53

UMN lesions

Question 54

the inhibition of antagonist muscles during agonist contraction

Answer 54

reciprocal inhibition

Question 55

Coordinated muscular action

Answer 55

muscle synergies

Question 56

what is the membrane called that covers skeletal muscle?

Answer 56

sarcolemma

Question 57

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: neuromuscular overactivity, contracture, weak actin-myosin bonds

Answer 57

spasticity