Motor Systems II

Question 1

What are the four functions of the Cerebellum

Answer 1

1)Maintenance of posture and balance
2)Motor Learning
3)Cognitive Functions
4)Coordination of voluntary movements

Question 2

Where is the cerebellum located and give another name for it

Answer 2

located at the base of the skull, often referred to as the “Little Brain”

Question 3

What is the vermis of the cerebellum

Answer 3

The vermis connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Question 4

What is the Vallecula of the cerebellum

Answer 4

This is a depression located inferiorly on the cerebellum, in-between the two hemispheres

Question 5

What is Arbor Vitae

Answer 5

This is the white matter of the cerebellum

Question 6

What are the lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 6

Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe
Flocculonodular Lobe/ PosteroLateral Lobe

Question 7

What is the primary fissure of the cerebellum

Answer 7

separates anterior and posterior lobe

Question 8

What are the subdivisions of the cerebellum

Answer 8

1) Spinocerebellum
2) Vestibulocerellum
3)Cerebrocerebellum/Pontocerebellum

Question 9

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

Answer 9

1)Control of muscle tone and coordination
2) Regulate body and limb movements

Question 10

What is the function of the Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 10

Posture
Balance
Coordination of eye movements

Question 11

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

Answer 11

Cognitive function of cerebellum
Planning and timing of movements
Evaluating sensory movements

Question 12

How many layers is the cerebellar cortex made of

Answer 12

3 layer- Molecular, Purkinje and Granular

Question 13

What does the molecular layer consist of

Answer 13

stellate cells
basket cells

Question 14

Purkinje Layer

Answer 14

Purkinje cells, which also receive input from inferior olivery nucleus

Question 15

Granular Layer

Answer 15

Granule cells
Unipolar brush cells
Golgi cells

Question 16

Name the nuclei of the cerebellum

Answer 16

Fastigial Nucleus
Globose Nucleus
Emboliform Nucleus
Dentate Nucleus

Question 17

How does the cerebellum receive input

Answer 17

Purkije cells and mossy and climbing fibres

Question 18

Cerebellum output

Answer 18

Originate in the cerebellar deep nuclei

Question 19

What are cerebellar peduncles

Answer 19

three fiber bundles carrying the input and output of the cerebellum

Question 20

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 20

contains afferent fibers from medulla and efferents to the vestibular nuclei

INPUT AND OUTPUT TO CEREBELLUM

Question 21

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 21

Contains afferent from pontine nucleus
INPUT TO CEREBELLUM

Question 22

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 22

efferent fibers from cerebellar nuclei
OUTPUT OF THE CEREBELLUM

Question 23

Where does the Cerebellum receive sensory input from

Answer 23

1)Inferior Olive (learning and memory)
2) Spinal Cord (monitor position and motion)
3)Vestibular Nucleus (posture and postion of neck head and eyes)

Question 24

Pathway of cerebellar output

Answer 24

Cerebellar Cortex, Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, Ventral Lateral Complex, Primary motor and premotor cortex

Question 25

Cerebellar Output Function

Answer 25

Eye movement, stance, gait, limb coordination

Question 26

What is cerebellar dysfunction

Answer 26

Conditions affecting the cerebellum disrupt motor coordination and timing, usually accompanied by a loss in muscle tone

Question 27

General Features of Cerebellar Dysfunction

Answer 27

Ataxia Dysmetria Decomposition of Movement Limb tremor during movement Ataxic Dysarthia: anomalous force, timing and ampliture of movement Speech has Hypernasality

Question 28

Cause of Cerebellar Dysfunction

Answer 28

Stroke Physical Trauma Tumors Chronic alcohol excess Infection

Question 29

What is a medulloblastoma

Answer 29

a lesion in the vermis

Question 30

Symptoms of Medulloblastoma

Answer 30

Headache Vomitting Drowsiness Nystagmus; inaccurate visual tracking Truncal Ataxia; inability to stand upright

Question 31

What pathway does a lesion in the vermis affect

Answer 31

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

Question 32

Where is a pontocerebellum lesion located

Answer 32

lesions in the dentate nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 33

Symptoms of a pontocerebellum lesion

Answer 33

incoordination of voluntary movements

Question 34

What causes an anterior lobe lesion or degeneration of the cerebellum

Answer 34

Common in chronic alcoholics. Caused by a loss in cells (granule cells 10%, purkinje cells 20%, molecular layer 30%)

Question 35

Symptoms of Anterior lobe lesion/ degeneration

Answer 35

Gait ataxia affects lower limbs failure of heel to toe walk sensory ataxia

Question 36

What are basal ganglia

Answer 36

a group of subcortical nuclei

Question 37

How are basal ganglia grouped

Answer 37

Grouping of these nuclei is related to function rather than anatomy

Question 38

What nuclei do basal ganglia consist of

Answer 38

Caudate Nuclei Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra

Question 39

What is the function of the basal ganglia

Answer 39

motor control motor learning executive functions and behaviors control of emotions

Question 40

Input to the basal ganglia

Answer 40

Most cortical areas project to the striatum of the basal ganglia All the projections are referred to collectively as the corticostriatal pathway travel through internal capsule to reach caudate and putaman directly

Question 41

What is the function of a medium spiny neuron

Answer 41

integrate the influences of thousands of cortical pyramidal cells

Question 42

Basal Ganglia Dysfunction

Answer 42

Damage to the basal ganglia will result in involuntary movement or impairments to motion May have difficulty, starting, stopping and sustaining movement

Question 43

Causes of Basal Ganglia Dysfunction

Answer 43

drug overdose head injury metabolic mitochondrial (leighs) Huntingtons Parkinson