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Immunology > Moudule 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Moudule 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The initial response by the immune system is determined by:

A
  1. the nature of the pathogen
  2. The environment in which the pathogen is encountered
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2
Q

Germ-line encoded receptors are:

A

PRRs (Found on innate cells)

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3
Q

Randomly generated receptors are:

A

BCRs and TCRs (found on adaptive cells)

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4
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Combats pathogens via antibodies (Abs)

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5
Q

Cell-Mediated immunity primarily involves:

A

T cells

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6
Q

Explain Clonal selection:

A

Is the process by which individual T and B lymphocytes are selected and cloned to create a large population (an army) of antigen-reactive cells that are identical.

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7
Q

Primary Response:

A

Initiated upon first exposure to an antigen.

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8
Q

Secondary response:

A

Initiated upon second exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Common Myeloid Progenitors

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Granulocytes
  3. Monocytes/Macrophages
  4. Megakaryocytes
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10
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitors (CLPs):

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. T lymphocytes
  3. Innate Lymphoid Cells (NK Cells)
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11
Q

CD:

A

Cluster of differentiation

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12
Q

CD4 and CD8 are:

A

Membrane glycoproteins on the surface of T cells

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13
Q

CD4 is expressed on

A

T helper (TH) cell

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14
Q

CD8 is expressed on:

A

T cytotoxic (Tc) cell

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15
Q

T helper subsets:

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and Tfh

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16
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs:

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

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17
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes:

A
  1. Encounter antigens
  2. Become activated
  3. Undergo clonal expansion
  4. Differentiate into effector cells
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18
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs:

A
  1. Draining Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Mucosal-associated lymph tissues (MALT)
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19
Q

The 4 types of mucosal/epithelial lymphoid tissues:

A
  1. GALT (Gut)
  2. BALT (Bronchi)
  3. NALT (Nasal)
  4. SALT (Skin)
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20
Q

Signal transduction:

A

The binding interaction between a receptor and cognate ligand resulting in an intracellular molecular signaling pathway ending with an appropriate cellular response.

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21
Q

Cognate

A

Refers to 2 bio molecules that typically interact.

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22
Q

Ligand-receptor binding induces molecular changes in the receptor:

A
  1. Conformational change
  2. Dimerization/cluster
  3. Location on membrane will change
  4. Covalent modification (phospholation)
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23
Q

Receptors alterations induce cascades of intracellular events:

A
  1. Gene expression (start producing genes)
  2. Activate enzymes (ex: Actin —> needed fro phagocytosis.
    3.Intracellular location (will recruit proteins to its location)
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24
Q

The five distinct antibody isotypes:

A
  1. IgA: alpha
  2. IgD: delta
  3. IgE: epsilon
  4. IgG: gamma
  5. IgM: mu
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25
ITAM:
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
26
Cytokines:
Proteins that communicate among cells of the immune system.
27
Endocrine:
Signaling molecules — synthesized and secreted by signaling cells.
28
Paracrine:
Signaling molecules affect only nearby receptor-expressing target cells.
29
Autocrine:
Cells respond to signals they secrete.
30
Pleiotropic:
Activity induces different biological effects dependent on target cell.
31
Redundant:
Activity mediates similar effects on target cell.
32
Synergy:
Effect combines two cytokines activities to be greater than additive effect.
33
Antagonistic:
Effect inhibits one cytokine’s effect by another’s action.
34
Cascade effect:
Effect of one cytokine on one target cell to produce additional cytokine(s).
35
Interleukin (IL-1):
- Pro inflammatory (local inflammation), induces fever. - Simulates production of neutrophils.
36
IL-2:
Lymphocyte (T & B cells) proliferation
37
IL-4:
Th2 cell differentiation. IgE class switching. Anti-parasitic. Allergies
38
IL-5:
Eosinophil production. Anti-parasitic. Allergies.
39
IL-6:
Pro-inflammatory. Induces inflammation. Fever.
40
IL-12:
Th1 cell differentiation. IFN-gamma production. Enhances CTL activity.
41
Innate immune system includes:
1. Anatomical barriers - both physical & chemical. 2. Cellular responses.
42
Anatomical Barriers: Physical
Skin and mucosal membranes
43
Anatomical Barriers: Chemical
Acidic pH. Enzymes and binding proteins. Antimicrobial peptides.
44
Families of cellular PRRs include:
1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) 3. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) 4. AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) 5. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
45
TLR PAMP (Ligand):
Extracellular pathogens, endocytosed, and phagocytosed.
46
TLR Cellular Location:
Plasma membrane, endosomal membrane, lysosomal membrane.
47
TLR Protective Response:
- cytokines/chemokines get turn on. - pro inflammatory cytokines. - turn on type I IFNs (anti-virals). - turn on antimicrobial peptides.
48
CLR PAMP (Ligand):
Fungal pathogens
49
CLR Cellular location:
Plasma membrane
50
CLR Protective Response:
- cytokines/chemokines get turn on. - pro inflammatory cytokines. - turn on antimicrobial peptides.
51
NLR PAMP (Ligand):
Intracellular/extracellular bacteria. Bacterial cell wall components.
52
NLR Cellular Location:
Cytosol
53
NLR Protective Response:
- cytokines/chemokines get turn on. - pro inflammatory cytokines. - turn on antimicrobial peptides. - induce inflammasome—> pyroptosis
54
ALR PAMP (Ligand):
Viral and bacterial DNAs
55
ALR Cellular Location:
Cytosol
56
ALR Protective response:
- cytokines/chemokines get turn on. - pro inflammatory cytokines. - turn on type I IFNs (anti-virals). - turn on antimicrobial peptides. - induce inflammasome—-> pyroptosis
57
RLR PAMP (Ligand):
Viral RNA
58
RLR Cellular Location
Cytosol
59
RLR Protective Response:
- cytokines/chemokines get turn on. - pro inflammatory cytokines. - turn on type I IFNs (anti-virals).
60
Innate immunity cellular responses: (4)
Inflammatory mediators Phagocytosis Programmed Cell Death Inflammation ILCs (NK cells)
61
Pro-inflammatory cytokines do:
- induce fever. - cause vascular permeability increase (more blood to get to tissues). - recruit leukocytes and activate them. - induce myeloid cell production.
62
Enzymes that help generate antimicrobial and pro inflammatory mediators.
iNos and COX2
63
iNOS
Induces nitric oxide synthase
64
COX2 (cyclooeygenase-2):
coverts lipids to prostaglandins
65
Apoptosis
Induced by TNF binding to the TNFR, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs).
66
NETosis or Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): Activation requires…
Activation requires NADPH oxidase and generation of ROS.
67
Pyroptosis:
Induced by inflammasome activation, eliminates infected macrophages allowing release of IL-1beta and IL-18. (& induce fever, increase myeloid production).
68
Cardinal Signs of inflammation:
1. Heat- Calor 2. Redness - Rubor 3. Swelling - Tumor 4. Pain - Dolor 5. Loss of function - Funtio laesa
69
Activated NK cells perform one of the two functions:
1. Kill the altered self-cell by releasing proteins that induce apoptosis. 2. Produce cytokines that induce adaptive responses against the altered self-cell and Granule release.
70
Complement Activation Pathways:
1. Classical 2. Lectin 3. Alternative
71
Complements:
refers to a group of serum proteins circulating in inactive form (proteins in serum).
72
Once activated, complement plays a role in:
-Lysis -Opsonization -Inflammation
73
Complement 7 functional categories:
1. Initiators 2. Enzymatic mediators 3. Opsonins 4. Inflammatory mediators 5. Membrane attack proteins 6. Complement receptors 7. Regulators
74
Initiators:
Initiate specific rxns after binding soluble or membrane-bound molecules.
75
2. Enzymatic mediators:
Proteolytic enzymes or zymogens (cleave proteins).
76
3. Opsonins:
Bind covalently to microbial cells and serve as ligands for phagocytic cells. (Coat for tasty)
77
4. Inflammation mediators:
Anaphylatoxins cause vascular permeability and leukocyte chemotaxis.
78
5. Membrane attack proteins:
Punch holes in the membranes of invading pathogens.
79
6. Complement receptors:
Bind complement and signal specific cell functions (ex: phagocytosis or neutrophil degranulation).
80
Classical and lectin pathway C3 convertase
C4b2a
81
Classical and lectin pathway C5 Convertase:
4b2a3b
82
Classical Pathway initiator:
Antigen-antibody immune complexes
83
Lectin pathway initiator:
PAMP Recognition by lectins (MBL)
84
Alternative Pathway initiator:
Fluid-phase C3 convertase
85
Alternative Tickover Pathway C3 Convertase:
C3bBb
86
Alternative Tickover Pathway C5 Convertase:
C3bBbC3b
87
Alternative Tickover Pathway activator:
(Bound) C3b
88
Lectin Pathway activator:
MASPs (MBL- associated serine proteases)
89
Classical Pathway activator:
C1
90
C3b Complement Protein (our major Opsonin)
1. Opsonization 2. Antigen-antibody complexes 3. C5 convertase
91
1. Opsonization:
C3b binds covalently to microbial surfaces, providing a “tag” allowing recognition by phagocytosis.
92
2. Ag-Ab Complexes:
C3b can attach to the Fc portions of Abs allowing for phagocytosis or movement to liver for elimination.
93
3. C5 convertase:
C3b can bind to complement protein complexes to form C5 convertase.
94
C5 Convertase cleaves C5 and C5 initiates:
generation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC).
95
Complent Receptors mediate fxn of complement by acting as _________ between the components and the cells which they bind
Bridges
96
What are the two complement receptor bridges:
CR1 and CR2
97
C3aR/C5aR: Granulocytes
Binds to C3a and C5a.
98
C3a and C5a act as ___________
anaphylatoxins or inducers of inflammation.
99
Complement enhances host defense against infection through:
1. MAC- induce lysis/death (downstream of C5b) 2. C3b - mediated phagocytosis 3. Inflammation - C3a and C5a

Immunology (2 decks)

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