Movement

Question 1

Reflexes - Types

Answer 1

Grasping, Stepping, Sneezing, snorting, Moro (spreading arms), Tonic neck (arms/head), rooting, babinski (toes out), Glabellar (forehead tap, parkinson’s), Palmomental (palm/chin), babkin (hand pressure/mouth,

Question 2

Lesman, Braun, Benjamin & Milillo

Answer 2

Basal Ganglia - controls complex bx, motor control, reasoning (reward).

Question 3

Gross motor problems and psychiatric disorders

Answer 3

65% psychiatric class, 45% anxiety, 25% autism, 15% ADHD

Question 4

Autism

Answer 4

Difficult with sequencing of motor patterns

Question 5

Basal Ganglia

Answer 5

Releases the breaks of our natural tendancy for moment.

Question 6

Brain and Body Conversion

Answer 6

Brain issues command, Movement, feedback loop, brain command, body receives command.

Question 7

Muscle - Neuron connection

Answer 7

1 fiber = 1 neuron, 100 fibers = 1 axon

Question 8

muscle types

Answer 8

smooth (organs), skeletal (movement), cardiac

Question 9

Neurmuscular Junction (NMJ)

Answer 9

Acetylcholine (contraction), Ca2 (muscle twitch)

Question 10

Proprioception

Answer 10

Collection of info about body movement and position - receptors

Question 11

Myasthenia Gravis - autoimmune

Answer 11

antibodies to ACh receptors, skeletal muscle weakness

Question 12

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 12

intentions of movement, “orders” an outcome. Movement is represented in the M1 (S1 - touch)

Question 13

Hemiplegia vs hemiparesis

Answer 13

paralysis vs weakness (impaired control of contralateral limbs

Question 14

Premotor cortex

Answer 14

when movement sequences are guided (being asked to do something)

Question 15

Secondary Motor Area

Answer 15

Sequencing of movements, mental rehearsal. Planning for goals. Inhibition and learning. bilateral activation (even for imagery)

Question 16

antagonistic muscles

Answer 16

flexors and extensors

Question 17

muscle spindles

Answer 17

responds to stretch, causes contraction

Question 18

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 18

increases in tension

Question 19

Apraxia

Answer 19

no coordinated actions. Contralateral control. NOT due to loss of muscle control. blowing out a match, saluting.

Question 20

Alien Hand syndrome

Answer 20

split brain patients with additional damage to the frontal lobe. Breakdown in voluntary movements. SMA to premotor to motor to posterior parietal

Question 21

Corticospinal tracts

Answer 21

paths from cerebral cortex to spinal cord. Lateral and Medial tracts

Question 22

Lateral Corticospinal tract

Answer 22

Axons from the
primary motor cortex
and surrounding areas
• Controls peripheral
areas
• Control opposite side
of the body
• Pyramidal Tract

Question 23

Medial Corticospinal tract

Answer 23

Axons from the cortex
• Reticular formation,
midbrain tectum, and
vestibular nucleus
• Axons on both sides of
the spinal cord
• Controls the neck,
shoulders, and trunk

Question 24

Basal Ganglia

Answer 24

Caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum), globus pallidus, subthalmic nucleus, substantia niagra

Question 25

Celullar Organization of the Cerebelum

Answer 25

``` Arranged in precise geometrical pattern • Purkinje cells • Parallel fibers • axons parallel to one another; • perpendicular to planes of Purkinje cells • More cells = more response ```

Question 26

The Cerebellum

Answer 26

Associated with balance and coordination • Damage to the cerebellum causes trouble with rapid movements requiring aim/timing • Examples: clapping hands, speaking, writing

Question 27

Motor Cortex

Answer 27

Simple Movements codes in terms of | muscles, movement direction

Question 28

SMA, Premotor

Answer 28

Translation of goals into motor codes; | Formation of sequential representations

Question 29

Parietal

Answer 29

- Abstract spatial representations of action goals

Question 30

Cerebellum

Answer 30

Fine tuning of motor signals; | Timing of muscular commands

Question 31

Basal Ganglia

Answer 31

Learning motor skills; initiating action

Question 32

subcortical movement disorders

Answer 32

parkinsons and huntingtons

Question 33

Parkinsons

Answer 33

Characterized by: • muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity • impairment in initiating spontaneous movement • Symptoms also include depression, memory and reasoning deficits, loss of olfaction, and other cognitive deficits

Question 34

Parkinsons

Answer 34

Loss of dompaminergic projections from the SN to the striatum. Reduced excitation of the cortex.

Question 35

Parkinsons therapies

Answer 35

L dopa therapy, deep brain stimulation (implanted electrode, stem cells)

Question 36

Akinesia

Answer 36

Lack of movement. stuck on current | action and have trouble implementing a new action. Parkinson's motor domain

Question 37

Bradyphrenia

Answer 37

Slowed thought. Parkinsons cognitive domain

Question 38

Huntingtons

Answer 38

A neurological disorder characterized by various motors symptoms • Associated with gradual and extensive brain damage especially in the basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex • Damage to GABAergic and ACh (Lateral ventricals)

Question 39

Huntingtons gene

Answer 39

``` Controlled by an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome #4 • The gene responsible HTT • it encodes the protein huntingtin. • The HTT gene has a trinucleotide repeat—CAG—variable in length ```