Movement Analysis

Question 1

The skeleton - Functions

Answer 1

Protection.
Immunity and defence.
Movement.
Storage of minerals.
Production of red blood cells.

Question 2

The skeleton - Axial and Appendicular

Answer 2

Axial:
Protects and produces RBCs.
Central skeleton.
Pelvis.
Vertebrae.
Rib cage.

Appendicular:
Movement and muscle attachment.
Femur.
Humerus.
Vertebrae.
Ulna.

Question 3

Joints - What are they and how do bones and joints adapt to exercise

Answer 3

Made up of tendons, ligaments, cartilage and muscles.

Bones adapt to forces placed on them by becoming stronger and more dense - more important during childhood.
Hyaline cartilage becomes thicker and provides more protection.
Ligaments become thicker and stronger
Synovial > have a joint cavity and ligaments that hold the articulating bones together. These joints = freely movable.

Question 4

Muscles

Answer 4

Tendons = attach muscle to bone.
Ligaments = attach bone to bone.

Gastrocnemius - lower leg - plantar flexion.
Tibialis anterior - lower leg - dorsi flexion.
Quadriceps - upper leg (hip joint) - extension.
Hamstrings - upper leg (hip joint) - flexion.
Biceps - lower arm (elbow joint) - flexion.
Triceps - lower arm (elbow joint) - extension.

Question 5

Muscle actions and types of contractions

Answer 5

Agonists -> the “prime mover” - e.g. biceps during flexion.
Antagonists -> muscle that relaxes during a movement and allows the agonist to do the work. e.g. hamstrings during extension.
Synergists -> stabilise and assist joints where movements is happening. helps the agonist work effectively.
Fixations -> stabilise pints where movements is happening.
Eccentric -> muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens.
Concentric -> muscle contraction where the muscle shortens.
Isotonic -> muscle contraction with movement when the muscle is under tension.
Isomeric -> contraction without movement when the muscle is under tension.

Question 6

Movements at the shoulder joint

Answer 6

Flexion -> agonist = anterior deltoid.
Extension -> agonist = posterior deltoid.
Abduction -> agonist = medial deltoid.
Addction -> agonist = latissimus dorsi.
Horizontal abduction -> agonist = latissimus dorsi + posterior deltoid.
Horizontal abduction -> agonist = anterior deltoid + pectorals.
Internal + external rotation -> agonist = rotator cuff.

Question 7

Movements at the hip joint

Answer 7

Flexion -> agonist = iliopsoas.
Extension -> agonist = gluteus maximus.
Abduction -> agonist = gluteus medius.
Adduction-> agonist = adductors.
Internal rotation.
External rotation.