MOVEMENT AND MUSCLE CONTROL

Question 1

composed of differentiated cells containing contractile proteins, which have the special ability to shorten or contract to move the body parts

Answer 1

Muscle tissue

Question 2

Muscle tissues are derived from the?

Answer 2

mesodermal layer of
embryonic germ cells

Question 3

Muscle cells contain protein filaments of ____, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cells

Answer 3

actin and myosin
that slide past one another

Question 4

4 Characteristics of a Muscle

Answer 4

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

Question 5

ability to respond to stimuli

Answer 5

Excitability/irritability

Question 6

ability to contract

Answer 6

Contractility

Question 7

ability of a muscle to be stretched.

Answer 7

Extensibility

Question 8

ability to recoil and return to its normal shape
after stretch

Answer 8

Elasticity

Question 9

5 Muscle Functions

Answer 9

• Produce Movement
• Maintain Posture and Body Position
• Stabilize Joints
• Generate Heat
• Additional Functions

Question 10

are packaged into organs called skeletal
muscles that attach to the skeleton

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle fibers

Question 11

Skeletal muscle cover our bone and cartilage framework, they help form the ____

Answer 11

smooth contours of the body

Question 12

are large, cigarshaped, multinucleate
cells

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle fibers

Question 13

also known as striated muscle and as
voluntary muscle

Answer 13

Skeletal muscle

Question 14

connective tissue that wraps entire muscle

Answer 14

epimysium

Question 15

tissue wrapped by fascicle

Answer 15

perimysium

Question 16

tissue wrapped in perimysium

Answer 16

fascicle

Question 17

muscle fiber wrapped in ___

Answer 17

endomysium

Question 18

no striations and is
involuntary

Answer 18

Smooth Muscle

Question 19

found mainly in the walls of
hollow (tubelike) organs

Answer 19

Smooth Muscle

Question 20

spindle-shaped, uninucleate, and surrounded by and are arranged in two layers (____)

Answer 20

scant endomysium

circular and longitudinal

Question 21

striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control

Answer 21

Cardiac Muscle

Question 22

The cardiac cells are cushioned by small amounts of endomysium and are arranged in ____

Answer 22

spiral or figure 8–shaped
bundles

Question 23

Cardiac muscle fibers are branching
cells joined by special gap junctions
called

Answer 23

intercalated discs

Question 24

connective tissue components: skeletal muscle

Answer 24

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

Question 25

connective tissue components: smooth muscle

Answer 25

endomysium

Question 26

connective tissue components: cardiac muscle

Answer 26

endomysium attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Question 27

regulation of contraction: voluntary, via nervous system controls

Answer 27

skeletal muscle

Question 28

speed of contraction: skeletal muscle

Answer 28

slow to fast

Question 29

regulation of contraction:involuntary, internal heart pacemaker, nervous system, controls, hormones

Answer 29

cardiac muscle

Question 30

regulation of contraction: involuntary, nervous system controls, hormones, chemicals, stretch

Answer 30

smooth muscle

Question 31

speed of contraction: cardiac muscle

Answer 31

slow

Question 32

speed of contraction: smooth muscle

Answer 32

very slow

Question 33

no rhythmic contraction

Answer 33

skeletal muscle

Question 34

rhythmic contraction, yes, is some

Answer 34

cardiac, smooth

Question 35

are the structural and **functional units of skeletal muscle**

Answer 35

Sarcomeres

Question 36

are the **precise arrangement** of even smaller **structures within sarcomeres** – _______

Answer 36

Myofilaments Thick and Thin Myofibrils

Question 37

interconnecting tubules and sacs that is used for store calcium and to release it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract

Answer 37

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

also called responsiveness, which is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus.

Answer 38

Irritability

Question 39

the ability to forcibly shorten when adequately stimulated

Answer 39

Contractility

Question 40

the ability of muscle fibers to stretch, whereas elasticity is their ability to recoil and resume their resting length after being stretched

Answer 40

Extensibility

Question 41

____ motor neuron (nerve cell) may stimulate a few muscle fibers or hundreds of them, depending on the particular muscle and the work it does.

Answer 41

One

Question 42

A ____ consists of one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

Answer 42

motor unit

Question 43

contain **synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter** which stimulates skeletal muscle fibers is Acetylcholineor Ach

Answer 43

Neuromuscular junctions

Question 44

Muscle Law

Answer 44

“muscle fiber will contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts. However, the whole muscle reacts to stimuli with graded responses, or different degrees of shortening, which generate different amounts of force.

Question 45

Graded Muscle Contraction is generated by:

Answer 45

* (1) by changing the **frequency** of muscle stimulation * (2) by changing the **number** of muscle fibers being stimulated at one time

Question 46

What Fueled Muscle Contraction?

Answer 46

direct phosphorylation aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway

Question 47

direct phosphorylation energy source? oxygen use? products: duration of energy provision?

Answer 47

* creatine phosphate CP * none * 1 ATP per CP, creatine * 15 secs

Question 48

aerobic pathway energy source? oxygen use? products: duration of energy provision?

Answer 48

* glucose; pyruvic acid; free fatty acids from adipose tissue; amino acids from protein catabolism * with oxygen * 32 ATP per glucose, CO2, H2O * Hours

Question 49

anaerobic pathway energy source? oxygen use? products: duration of energy provision?

Answer 49

* glucose * no oxygen * 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid * 40 secs or more

Question 50

Types of Muscle Contraction

Answer 50

isotonic contractions isometric contractions

Question 51

the myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs

Answer 51

isotonic contractions

Question 52

examples of isotonic contractions

Answer 52

bending knee, lifting weights, smiling

Question 53

the myosin filaments are “spinning their wheels,” and the tension in the muscle keeps increasing. They are trying to slide, but the muscle is pitted against some more or less immovable object

Answer 53

isometric contractions

Question 54

example of isometric contractions

Answer 54

when you push the palms of your hands together in front of you, your arms and chest muscles are contracting isometrically.