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Y3 NEUROLOGY > Movement Disorders > Flashcards

Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tremor?

A

Involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part, usually due to reciprocal antagonistic muscle groups

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2
Q

Resting tremors are minimal during activity. True/False?

A

True

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3
Q

Action tremors incorporate which tremors and are always below what frequency?

A

Always below 13Hz

Postural, kinetic or intention tremors

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4
Q

Which tremor is associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor

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5
Q

Intention tremors occur during voluntary movement and can be signs of which brain region dysfunction?

A

Cerebellar disorder

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6
Q

Give examples of causes of physiological tremors

A

Stress
Anxiety
Stimulants
Postural changes

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7
Q

A cerebellar tremor usually occurs unilaterally. True/False?

A

True

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8
Q

Which tremor is more associated with family history - resting or essential/postural?

A

Essential/postural tremor

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9
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Involuntary sustained muscle contraction in a body part leading to abnormal posture
Can lead to twisting, intermittent spasms and repetitive movement

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10
Q

Dystonias can be generalised or focal/segmental. What is the main treatment for each?

A

Generalised dystonia: anticholinergic, muscle relaxants

Focal/segmental: botox injection

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11
Q

List some diseases associated with secondary dystonias

A

Wilson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebral palsy

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12
Q

What is chorea?

A

Non-rhythmic jerky purposeless movement, akin to fidgetiness, usually generalised but may be confined

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13
Q

List inherited causes of choreas

A

Huntington disease
Wilson’s disease
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Neuroacanthocytosis

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14
Q

List autoimmune causes of chorea

A 
SLE
Anti-phospholipid syndrome
Behcet disease
Coeliac disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Sydenham's chorea
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15
Q

Which drugs can provide symptomatic relief for choreas?

A

Tetrabenazine

Dopamine blockers

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16
Q

What are tics?

A

Non-rhythmic stereotypical rapid movements that provide relief after doing them

17
Q

Give examples of tics

A

Eye blinking
Clearing throat
Arm swinging
Shouting/singing out loud

18
Q

What is the main primary tics disorder?

A

Tourette’s syndrome

19
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Brief, shock-like muscle contraction

20
Q

Spasticity is related to an UMN/LMN disorder of which motor tract?

A

UMN

Pyramidal tract

21
Q

Give examples of hyperkinetic movement disorders

A 
Dystonia
Tics
Myoclonus
Chorea
Tremor
22
Q

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are associated with which motor tract and which are of the brain?

A

Extra-pyramidal tract

Basal ganglia

23
Q

Give examples of hypokinetic movement disorders

A

Rigidity
Bradykinesia
(parkinsonism, parkinson’s disease)

24
Q

Hypokinetic movement disorders are associated with which motor tract and which area of the brain?

A

Extra-pyramidal tract

Basal ganglia

25
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of movement

26
Q

Ataxia is associated with a lesion in which area of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

27
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Collection of gray matter nuclei with important connections to other parts of the brain - involved in movement and coordination

28
Q

How does the basal ganglia control movement?

A

Circulatory control with excitatory and inhibitory signals

29
Q

List structures of the basal ganglia

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia niagra
30
Q

Which tremor would be elicited by eating or carrying plates?

A

Postural tremor

Holding hands out

31
Q

What cerebellar test would you use to check for intention tremor?

A

Finger-nose test

32
Q

What class of drug is typically used to treat postural tremors?

A

B blockers

33
Q

Outline the management of tic disorders

A

CBT

Clonidine/ tetrabenazine

34
Q

Tic disorders are most common in..

A

Teenagers

Males

35
Q

A primary movement disorder is assocaited with no underlying cause. True/False?

A

True

Secondary = underlying cause

36
Q

List the 4 main causes of movement disorders

A

Primary/ idiopathic
Secondary
Heredo-degenerative (late onset, progressive)
Psychogenic e.g. depression

37
Q

List the clinical features of functional weakness

A 
No wasting
Normal tone
Normal reflexes
Erratic power
Non-anatomical loss
38
Q

What is Sydenham’s chorea?

A

Widespread chorea due to rheumatic fever

Typically occurs in young females

Y3 NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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