Movement in Human Flashcards
(20 cards)
Two tissue of skeleton
Bone and cartilage
Bone
Formed by living cell
Contain minerals (mainly calcium phosphate), making the bone rigid
Contains proteins and waters
2 types of bones
Compact bones:
Dense and hard to support the body weight
Shafts of limb bones contains yellow bone marrow to store lipids
Spongy bones:
Heads of the limb bones
Porous
Cavities of the spongy bones filled with red bone marrow, produce red bone cells
Does bones contains blood vessel or nerve?
Yes
Cartilage
Cartilage:
Formed by living cells
Softer and more elastic (because contains fewer minerals)
Reduce friction between two bones
Gives shape and support to some structures
no blood vessels and nerves
The two human skeleton part
Axial skeleton: skull, rib cage and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, forelimbs, pelvic girdle and hindlimb (limb bones)
Functions of the human skeletons
Support body weight
Provide surfaces for muscle attachments, allows movement
Protects organs
Red bone marrow produces blood cells
Stores minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and lipids
Vitamin D function
Helps keep the bone healthy as it promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions.
Structures of movable joints
Ligaments
Prevents dislocation during movement
Elastic and allows bones to move
Cartilage
Prevent bones from wearing away
Synovial membrane
Nourish cartilage cells
Both cartilage and synovial membrane reduce friction
Movable joints
Flexible to allow bones to moves
Types of movable joints
Hinge joint
Allows movement of bones in one plane only
Elbow joint , knee joint
ball and socket joint
Allows movement of bones in many planes
Shoulder joint ,hip joint
Skeletal muscle/ striated muscles/ voluntary muscles 
Make up about 40% of our bodyweight
Muscles attached to bones to bring about movements
Join to bones by sheets of fibre called tendons
Is a tissue consisting of densely path, groups of elongated cells called muscle fibre (muscle cell)
Muscle fibres are grouped into bundles and surrounded by connective tissue
Muscle contains light band and dark bands
Under conscious control of the cerebrum 
Tendon
Tough and inelastic
Transmit the pulling force produced by muscle contraction to the bones.
Opposing muscle/ antagonistic muscle
They work in pairs
When a muscle contract and a limb bends, is a flexor
When a muscle contract and the limb straightens, is an extensor.
Initiation of muscle contraction
The nerve impulse stimulates the axon terminal of motor neurone to release neurotransmitter.
The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft of the neuromuscular junction.
The neurotransmitter binds to the special receptor on the membrane of the muscle fibre to generate an electrical impulse.
The electrical impulse spreads along the muscle fibre and make muscle contract.
Neuromuscular junctions(motor end plates)
The axon of a motor neuron branches of to form synapses with the muscle fibres of a skeletal muscle.
Some drugs act on the membrane of the muscle fibre and causes muscle paralysis. Explain
The drug prevents the neurotransmitter from binding onto the receptors on the membrane of muscle fibre. The muscle fibre cannot produce electrical impulse, the muscle cannot contract.
The function of mitochondria in axon of motor neuron
Provide energy for synthesis/release of neurotransmitter
The function of mitochondria of the muscle fibre
Provide energy for muscle contraction
Leg movement
Extensor contracts to produce the pulling force. The pulling force is transmitted to the bones of the leg through inelastic tendons. Joint moves, straightened the leg and raised the leg up. 
