Moving Quiz Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
The Cardiovascular System is a Network composed of the:
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
2
Q
Cardiovascular System Function
A
Deliver oxygen to the body tissues while simultaneously removing carbon dioxide reduced by metabolism
3
Q
Heart function
A
“pump” that contracts rhythmically sending blood through the cardiovascular system.
4
Q
The contractile wall of the heart, the ________, is composed of __________.
A
myocardium
cardiac muscle cells
5
Q
Cardiac muscle cells (________) contain the same contractile filaments as in _______ (_____).
A
cardiomyocytes
skeletal muscle (sarcomeres)
6
Q
Cardiac Muscle characteristics
A
- Striated
- involuntary muscle
- intermediate in size
7
Q
Cardiac muscle cells are joined together by specialized junctions called ________
A
intercalated disc
8
Q
They appear as thin, dark stained linear structures dividing adjacent cells that are perpendicular to the direction of the muscle fiber
A
Intercalated discs
9
Q
________ Residue of lysosomal digestion that accumulates as _______ granules near the nucleus of some cells. In this specimen, few cells have detectable amounts.
A
Lipofuscin Pigment
yellow-brown
10
Q
3 Layers of Heart Wall
A
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
11
Q
The endocardium is composed of an inner layer of _________ or _________ supported by a thin layer of ________________
A
simple squamous epithelium or endothelium
dense irregular connective tissue
12
Q
Specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable cells
A
Purkinje Fibers
13
Q
Purkinje Fibers conduct _________ more quickly and efficiently than any of the other cells in the heart’s electrical conduction system.
A
cardiac action potentials
14
Q
The myocardium is joined together by specialized junctions called _________
A
intercalated cells
15
Q
Secretes fluid to the pericardial cavity to produce junction
A
Mesothelium
16
Q
The epicardium is lined by a single layer of ________
A
mesothelial cells
17
Q
Largest blood vessels in the body and include the pulmonary trunk and aorta with their major branches
A
Elastic Arteries
18
Q
The most numerous vessels in the body
A
Muscular Arteries
19
Q
Smallest branches of the arterial system and deliver blood to the smallest blood vessels, capillaries, and venules
A
Arterioles
20
Q
Thinnest layer of elastic artery; Inner layer composed of endothelium and subepithelial connective tissue
A
Tunica Intima
21
Q
Thickest layer of elastic artery; Middle layer composed of alternating layers of circumferentially emerged smooth muscle which are unstained and sheets of elastic tissue which is dye purple
A
Tunica Media
22
Q
Outermost layer of elastic artery; Usually less than half the thickness of tunica
media in elastic arteries. Outer layer of _____________
A
Tunica Adventitia
dense irregular connective tissue
23
Q
Small diameter blood vessel that branches out from arteries and leads to capillaries
A
Arterioles
24
Q
Arterioles function
A
- Regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds
- Provide the majority of the resistance to blood flow in the body
25
The smallest veins that drain blood from capillaries within the microvascular bed, channeling it into larger veins.
Venules
26
The process by which white blood
cells (leukocytes) pass through the walls of
blood vessels and move into nearby tissues. It's a vital part of the immune system's response to inflammation and infection.
Diapedesis
27
Venous Valves function
keeps blood moving in one direction, while working against gravity to ensure venous return.
Prevent the retrograde flow of blood
28
* Found in walls of large arteries and veins
* Small blood vessels supply tunica media and tunica adventitia
Vasa Vasorum
29
The smallest blood vessels (less than 10 um in diameter).
Capillaries
30
Capillaries is composed of ________ supported by a ___________
endothelial cells
basement membrane.
31
Continuous capillaries function
* Continuous endothelium and basement membrane
* Most common
* Responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissue
32
Fenestrated capillaries function
* Endothelial cells contain small, 80 to 100 nm pores called fenestrations (typically with thin diaphragms)
* These pores can only be seen using electron microscopy
33
Sinusoidal capillaries function
* Discontinuous endothelium and incomplete basement membrane
* Endothelial cells have large gaps between them and the basement membrane is either discontinuous or absent
* Larger fenestration and intercellular gaps allow for greater permeability
34
Interconnected network of capillaries that
perfuse organs and tissues
Capillary beds
35
The definitive cell type of the lymphatic system and the effector cells in the response of the immune system to harmful substances.
Lymphocytes
36
First line of defense against microbial aggression.
1.
2.
3.
4
5
1. Physical barriers - skin and mucous membranes
2. Chemical defenses - low pH
3. Various secretory substances
4. Phagocytic cells - macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes
5. Natural killer (NK) cells
37
results in the production of proteins called antibodies that mark invaders for destruction by other immune cells
Humoral response
38
targets transformed and virus-infected cells for destruction by specific "killer" cells.
Cellular immune response
39
Clear fluid containing white blood cells, especially lymphocytes
lymph
40
Network of vessels transporting lymph throughout the body
lymph vessel
41
Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells.
Lymph Nodes
42
Site of T-cell maturation.
Thymus
43
Filters blood, removes old red blood cells (erythrocytes), and fights infections.
Spleen
44
Trap pathogens entering through the mouth or nose.
Tonsils and Adenoids
45
A soft, spongy tissue in the center of bones that produces blood cells and stores fat.
Bone Marrow
46
Molecule that is recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system and typically elicits a response from these cells
Antigen
47
the small molecular domains where immune cells recognize and react to
Epitopes / Antigenic determinants
48
A glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family that interacts specifically with an antigenic determinant.
Antibody
49
Types of Antibodies
* Secreted into mucous, saliva, tears, colostrum.
* Tags pathogens for destruction.
* Present in almost all exocrine secretions
* Produced by plasma cells in mucosa or mucosal digestive, respiratory and refractive tracts
IgA
50
Types of Antibodies
* D = Delta
* B-cell receptor.
* Stimulates release of IgM.
* Least abundant antibody
IgD
51
Types of Antibodies
* Binds to mast cells and basophils.
* Allergy and antiparasitic activity.
* Much less abundant in the circulation stimulated by allergic reactions
IgE
52
Types of Antibodies
* Binds to phagocytes.
* Main blood antibody for secondary responses.
* Crosses placenta.
* Most abundant class
* Representing 75-85% of the immunoglobulin in blood
* Production increases during immune responses following infections
IgG
53
Types of Antibodies
* Fixes complement.
* Main antibody of primary responses.
* B-cell receptor.
* Immune system memory.
* Produced in an initial response
IgM
54
Consists of lymphoid cells which are irregularly scattered in a loose manner as found in the lamina propria of the villi of small intestines and in some lymphoid organs
Diffused lymphoid connective tissue
55
Filter lymphatic fluid for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help the body fight infection and disease
Lymph node
56
Completely surrounds each lymph nodes and extends to several trabeculae throughout the lymphoid tissue
Connective Tissue (CT)
57
Lymph nodes regions
* Cortex
* Paracortex
* Medulla
58
Contains an abundance of lymphoid cells closely packed together, either as lymph nodules/lymph follicles or lymphatic cords.
Dense/Compact Lymphoid tissue
59
Compact, circumscribed condensations of lymphocytes within the diffused lymphoid tissue.
Lymph nodules
60
________ are the sites of active production of lymphocytes, but a proportion of the newly formed cells die locally and are disposed of by the ________
The germinal centers
macrophages
61
An irregular elongated condensation of lymphocytes in the medulla of the lymph node.
Lymphatic Cord
62
Very large clusters of lymphoid follicles located in the wall of the ileum which allow close monitoring of microorganisms in the gut.
Peyer's patches
63
three divisions of the Anterior Pituitary
* Pars Distalis - comprises most of the anterior lobe (-75%)
* Pars tuberalis
* Pars Intermedia - thin remnant (<2%) at interface between the anterior and posterior lobes that contains numerous colloid (protein)-filled cysts
64
dilations of axons filled with neuro-secretion vesicle
Herring Bodies
65
Axons from the hypothalamus that release hormones into the capillaries of the Pars nervosa.
Posterior Pituitary
66
Located in the middle of your brain that helps regulate your body's circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin
Pineal Gland
67
Located in the neck and develops from the endodermal lining of the floor of the primitive pharynx.
Thyroid Gland
68
Thyroid function
Controls metabolism through thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
69
______ develop from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. consist of two major epithelial cells:
Parathyroid Gland
Principal cells and oxyphil cells.
70
Where is the Parathyroid Gland located
the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland.
71
Pituitary gland function
Regulates growth, metabolism, and
reproduction.
72
stimulates cells to produce insulin lipofactor 1 of IGF1 which stimulate growth, muscle, and bone
Growth hormone
73
_______ stimulates cells in the adrenal gland to produce _________
ACTH
corticosteroids
74
stimulates cells in the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T3 and T4
TSH
75
initiates and maintain milk production in mammary glands
Prolactin
76
stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
77
stimulates the ovarian follicular cells to produce estrogen and progesterone and cytolytic cells spermatogenesis
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
78
enclosed by a thin layer of connective tissue.
Capsule
79
connective tissue extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline irregular lobes and lobules.
Trabeculae
80
Secretory follicles constitute the functional units of the gland.
Parenchyma
81
Spherical follicles in which thyroid hormones are stored
Thyroid Follicles
81
Lumen of each follicle is filled with the gel-like mass called
Colloid
82
Contains cells that appears to function in regulating serum calcium levels and bone density
Colloid
83
Small numbers of larger cells located at the periphery of follicles that secrete calcitonin.
Parafollicular Cells
84
High serum calcium concentrations stimulate ________ to produce ______ when serum calcium levels are below normal their release is inhibited
c-cells
calcitonin
85
Closely associated with the thyroid and consist of closely packed groups of two cell types
Parathyroid Gland
86
the majority of cells in the parathyroid. Have prominent central nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm
Chief Cells
87
larger cells with dark nuclei and strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm because of numerous mitochondria.
Oxyphil Cells
88
larger cells with dark nuclei and a watery, clear cytoplasm.
Clear Cells
89
Links the nervous and endocrine systems; controls the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
90
Regulates other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormone, prolactin, etc.
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
91
Regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin
Pineal Gland
92
Regulates calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid
93
for the development of the are essential for adaptive immunity
Thymus
94
Produces cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone for stress response and metabolism
Adrenal Glands
95
Regulates blood sugar via insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas
96
Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Gonads (Ovaries/Testes)
97
An English microscopist and physicist observed a slice of cork under a microscope. He discovered many small compartments-like honey comb structures which he described as cells. His discovery served as the foundation of the cell theory.
ROBERT HOOKE
98
True Father of Histology
MARCELO MALPHIGI
99
Single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells on the basement membrane at dermal-epidermal junction.
STRATUM BASALE (BASAL LAYER)
100
● Normally the thickest layer (epidermal ridges).
● Polyhedral cells with central nuclei with nucleoli; cytoplasm actively synthesizes keratins.
STRATUM SPINOSUM (SPINOUS LAYER)
101
combined zone where some cells may still divide.
Stratum germinativum:
102
● Found only in thick skin.
● 2-3 layers of thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes.
STRATUM LUCIDUM
103
● Most superficial layer.
● 15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells.
● Keratinocytes are filled with birefringent filamentous keratins.
● Protect against friction & water loss
STRATUM CORNEUM
104
LAYERS OF DERMIS
● More superficial layer.
● Areolar connective tissue.
PAPILLARY LAYER
105
LAYERS OF DERMIS
● Deeper layer & thicker layer.
● Dense irregular connective tissue.
● Surrounds hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves & deep plexus of blood vessels.
● Fewer cells.
● Elastic fibers: provides skin elasticity.
RETICULAR LAYER
106
Loose connective tissues that bind skin loosely to the subjacent organs.
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
107
Receive various stimuli from the environment.
SENSORY RECEPTORS
108
Initiate impulses when light-touch or low-frequency stimuli against skin temporarily deform their shape, fingertips, palms & soles.
MEISSNER CORPUSCLES
109
Found deep in reticular dermis and hypodermis; sensing coarse touch, pressure & vibrations; wall of rectum and urinary bladder.
LAMELLATED (PACINIAN) CORPUSCLES
110
Elongated keratinized structures.
HAIR
111
epidermal invaginations where hairs are formed.
Hair follies
112
Terminal dilation of growing hair follicle.
HAIR BULB
113
Inserts into the base of the hair bulb; contains capillary network required to sustain hair follicle.
DERMAL PAPILLA
114
Part of hair extending beyond skin surface.
HAIR SHAFT
115
Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx.
NAILS
116
Proximal part of the nail; covered by a fold of skin; forms from the nail matrix.
NAIL ROOT
117
Epidermal stratum corneum extended from nail root.
CUTICLE / EPONYCHIUM
118
Bound to a bed of epidermis
NAIL PLATE
119
Bed of epidermis; contains only basal & spinous epidermal layers.
NAIL BED
120
Where cells divide, move distally and become keratinized.
NAIL MATRIX
121
● Embedded in the dermis.
● Most of the body except palms.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
122
Lipid-producing; filled with small fat droplets.
SEBOCYTES
123
Main secretory product that gradually covers the surfaces of epidermis & hair shafts; mixture of lipids that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes; increases greatly at puberty
SEBUM
124
physiologic response to increased body temperature dung physical exercise or thermal stress, most effective means of temperature regulation of humans
Sweating
125
Develop as long epidermal invaginations embedded in dermis
SWEAT GLANDS
126
● Widely distributed in the skin.
● Most numerous in foot soles.
● Sweat is mostly water.
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
127
● Skin of the axillary & perineal regions.
● Incomplete & non-functional until after puberty.
● Secrete protein-rich sweat onto the hair of hair follicles.
APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
128
FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES
● Epithelial
● Connective
● Muscular
● Nervous
129
for slicing and sectioning the tissues into smaller pieces.
Microtome
130
process of preserving tissue samples.
Fixing
131
process of enclosing the tissue sample by covering it with liquid paraffin wax.
Embedding
132
used to highlight tissue features and enhance its contrast for better viewing.
Staining
133
removes water from the tissue as embedding media are immiscible with water tissue is passed through graded series of alcohols
Dehydration
134
replaces alcohol w/ a clearing agent to make the tissue transparent and compatible w/ the embedding medium.
Clearing
135
ensures that the embedding medium penetrates the tissue completely
Infiltration
136
produces thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination.
Trimming/ Sectioning
137
most commonly used nuclear stain in
histology
Hematoxylin (basic dye)
Eosin (acidic dye)
138
commonly used connective tissue stain in both histology and pathology; stains mucus as well as collagenous and reticular fibers blue or green.
Trichrome/Masson Triple Stain
139
Technique for demonstrating glycoproteins, mucins and some proteoglycans.
Periodic Acid Schiff Stain (PAS)
140
such as Aldehyde Fuchsin, Weigert's, or
Verhoeff Stain stains deep purple.
Elastic Fiber Stains
141
oxidation-reduction technique that visualizes extracellular matrix components like reticular fibers or basement membranes. This technique produces dark brown or black stains by treating the sample with a strong oxidizing agent
Silver Stain
142
○ Tightly packed form of DNA.
○ Nuclei stain uniformly and intensely with hematoxylin.
○ Indicative of a cell with low transcriptional activity.
Heterochromatin
143
○ Lightly packed form of DNA.
○ Nuclei show random clumps of hematoxylin staining mostly at the periphery of the nucleus and the nucleolus.
○ indicative of cells with high transcriptional activity.
Euchromatin
144
Refers to the sheets of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
145
Binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
146
Is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement.
MUSCLE TISSUE
