Mr Mcmahon Test

Question 1

Describe the mechanism for expiration at rest

Answer 1

When resting expiration is at a low rate,intercostal muscles relaxes, diaphram relaxes, air pressure in thoracic cavity increases, air forced out

Question 2

Vital capacity is

Answer 2

Max amount of expired after max inhalation

Question 3

Also does altitude change an athletes breathing

Answer 3

Increases breathing rate as high altitudes have a lower concentration of oxygen in the air so body needs more oxygen in and co2 out so lungs will work harder

Question 4

How will increase in tidal volume affect her marathon

Answer 4

An increase in tidal volume more air can enter and leave the lungs, this means Shelly can het oxygen into her lungs and get more co2 out to keep muscles working with out fatigue which makes her time faster

Question 5

How can you control breathing

Answer 5

Neurone control- neurons in the brain stem control breathing. Inspiration is an active process as the diaphragm muscle is actively contracting which allows air to enter the lungs. Expiration is a passive process where the diaphragm relaxes to allow air to leave
Chemical control- chemoreceptors react to chemical fluctuations such as carbon dioxide levels in the blood, they will then send signals to the medulla which will then make changes to breathing rates

Question 6

What do u call the thing chemoceptors send info to

Answer 6

Medulla

Question 7

State the route of air beginning with the nasal cavity ending with the alveoli

Answer 7

Nasal cavity — pharyx — layrnx —trachea — epiglottis— lungs — Bronci — Broncioles — alveolis

Question 8

Describe the process of gaseous exchange at the alveolis

Answer 8

Gaseous exchange occurs at the alveolis as the thin walls of the capillaries that surround the alveolis allows oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to diffuse through, so co2 can leave the blood stream and oxygen can go into the lungs to be expired

Question 9

How does an increase in respiratory muscle strength and increased vital capacity and increase in oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rate improve someone’s performance

Answer 9

• the respiratory muscles increasing in strength will allow for deeper breaths as the strong diaphragm and intercostal muscles will alllow the chest cavity to be expanded wider.
• increased vital capacity will allow for increased and more efficient oxygen supply to the working muscles which pervents fatigue
  -increased oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rate in tissues means you can train for longer and harder as your muscles are being supplied with oxygen and being stripped of carbon dioxide

Question 10

What is asthma

Answer 10

A condition that causes the air ways of the respiratory system to be restricted and tighter, leading to shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing

Question 11

What are the undesirable short term effects of altitude

Answer 11

Lungs have to work harder and this training can lead to shortness of breath, dizziness, being unable to concentrate and headaches

Question 12

What do you call the thing air flows through between trachea and lungs

Answer 12

Epiglottis

Question 13

Explain what ossification is

Answer 13

How bones are formed, osteoblasts is making new bone tissue, osteoclasts is removing old bone tissue

Question 14

Name 3 types of bones with examples of each

Answer 14

Long bone - femur
Sort bone - carpals
Irregular bone - vertebral column bones

Question 15

What bone allows head to rotate

Answer 15

Pivot

Question 16

Explain 2 adaptations of the skeletal system to excercise

Answer 16

Increased synovial fluid production.
Increase bone density with high impact, weight-bearing exercises, placing strain on your bones making them stronger.
Stronger ligaments as bones need to withstand more force

Question 17

name all the possible joint movements

Answer 17

Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body
abduction is movement away from the midline of the body
rotation moves the joint 360’ around a fixed point
circumduction is circular movement where one side of the limb stays reletivly still
Plantar flexion - the toes are pointed in a ballet movement.
Dorsiflexion – the foot moves towards the shin as if you are pulling your toes up.

flexion is making the joint angle smaller, extension makes it bigger.

Question 18

State the 3 types of muscle contractions

Answer 18

Isometric- muscle is staying still holding a static force
Concentric - muscle shortens as the muscle fibres contract
Eccentric- when a muscle returns to its original length after shortening against a resistance

Question 19

State the types of muscle fibres and their uses

Answer 19

Type l is slow twitch which contract slowly with little force, but are slow to fatigue and and suited to longer duration aerobic activities
Type lla are able to contract fast with lots of force while also being able to resist fatigue
Type llx are fast and fitigue quickly

Question 20

Tidal volume is

Answer 20

The volume of air breathed in and out in each breath

Question 21

State the long term benefits of altitude training

Answer 21

Improved recovery time on sea level
More red blood cells
Be able to work for longer without fatigue on sea level
Increases concentration gradient of oxygen on sea level

Question 22

Describe the flow of blood in the heart

Answer 22

Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium- right ventricle - pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins - left atrium- left ventricle - aortic valve- aorta

Question 23

Minute ventilation is

Answer 23

The amount of air that enters the lungs in 1 min

Question 24

What is ATP

Answer 24

Adenosine triphosphate
The only useable form of energy in the body is
The body has store of 3 seconds of ATP
For eg a boxing jab

Question 25

State the anaerobic energy cycle, with an example of each and how long each one will last and another name for each

Answer 25

ATP-PC/ a-lactic system - provides energy for high intensity exercise over a short period of time (10s) for example a 100m sprint Lactate system/ Anerobic glycolysis - provides energy for medium- high intensity exercise over 60-90s for example a 400m race Aerobic energy system - for long lasting exercise at a low intensity- 3 mins to indefinite, suitable for a marathon

Question 26

State the definition of the aerobic energy cycle and how it works, and state all of the cycles involved

Answer 26

The long term energy system, occurs in the mitochondria breaking down fat and carbohydrates in order to produce energy Aerobic glycolysis- produces 2 atp molecules Creb cycle / citric acid - produces 2 atp molecules Electron transport chain- produces 34 atp molecules

Question 27

State some adaptations of the energy systems

Answer 27

Increased creatine stores, providing more energy and supports recovery from high intensity exercise Increased tolerance to lactate, which will enable them to move around for longer, delaying fatigue Increased use of fats as an energy source so that glycogen can be used later in the game More efficient energy systems

Question 28

State the names of each part of the vertebral column, with each number accordingly

Answer 28

Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 5 Coccyx 4

Question 29

Describe the process of bone growth

Answer 29

Bones form through ossification Osteoblasts form new bone Osteoclasts break down old bone Epiphyseql plates are the site of bone growth and they seal off when growth is done

Question 30

What are articulating bones

Answer 30

Bones that meet at a joint. They allow movement and stability

Question 31

State some long term adaptations of the cardiovascular system

Answer 31

- Cardiac hypertrophy will take place, this means the heart can pump more blood per beat, therefore the cardiac cycle slows - This will also give her a greater heart rate range when playing rugby. This will give her a greater maximal cardiac output - Increased blood volume, this will mean her working muscles can get more oxygen and she will have a decreased recovery time.

Question 32

How long do each of the 3 energy systems take to recover

Answer 32

ATP-PC = 10s to 4 mins Lactic acid = 3 mins to 2 hours Aerobic energy system = 2- 48 hours

Question 33

What is the function of red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells and platelets

Answer 33

Red blood cells= carry oxygen to all living tissue Plasma = transport nutrients. Help regulate body temperature. White blood cells = fight infection by destroying and removing pathogens such as bacteria from the body Platelets = clotting blood to prevent blood loss

Question 34

How is blood clotted

Answer 34

Platelets form a plug and red and white blood cells join together at the wound to stop further blood loss

Question 35

What is the role of the AVN

Answer 35

Receives and impulse from the sino atrial node and transfers the impulse to the bundle of his/ purkinje fibres

Question 36

What is the role of the bicuspid valve

Answer 36

Control flow of blood to the left ventricle Prevents back flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left aitrium

Question 37

Residual volume =

Answer 37

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after max expiration

Question 38

Minute ventilation =

Answer 38

The amount of air that passes in or out of the lungs in 60 seconds

Question 39

The amount of air in the lungs after max inhalation is

Answer 39

Total lung capacity

Question 40

Muscle responsible for the movement taking place “prime mover” is

Answer 40

Agonist

Question 41

A muscle or group of muscles that work together with the prime mover to generate movement is

Answer 41

Synergist

Question 42

Muscle that relaxes to produce movement is

Answer 42

Antagonist

Question 43

State the process of aerobic glycolysis

Answer 43

-oxygen present -glycogen converted to pryuvic acid -this pryuvic acid goes to the krebs cycle - the reaction yields 2 ATP - this takes place in the sacoplasm

Question 44

State the process of the electron transport chain (w)

Answer 44

Only occurs when oxygen is present It occurs in the mitochondria It relives hydrogen from the kreb cycle Yield of 34 ATP Water is a by-product of

Question 45

State the ATP- PC systems role in creating energy for excercise

Answer 45

This is the first energy system used PC is broken P + C Anerobic Creates energy for high intensity exercise Lasts 10-12 s Takes place in sacoplasm

Question 46

How does lactate system/ Anerobic glycolysis provide energy for a 400m run. (Glycogen broken down into what?)

Answer 46

Anerobic glycolysis will provide the required energy for the run Glycogen is broken down into pryuvic acid This produces 2 atp Lactic acid produced due to a lack of O2

Question 47

State some adaptations of the aerobic energy system and the impact that this will have on performance

Answer 47

Increased use of fats as an energy source, therefore leading to increased energy, so they can play for longer Increased glycogen stores Increased number of mitochondria More efficient aerobic energy system

Question 48

What is hypothermia

Answer 48

When the body temperature is below 35 which causes shivering confusion and potentially heart stopping

Question 49

The muscular wall in the heart is called

Answer 49

Septum

Question 50

What is the difference in location and role of the pulmonary artery versus vein

Answer 50

The pulmonary vein is below the pulmonary artery The pulmonary vein carrier oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs