Mr tough 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
State what reproduction is
Reproduction is the process by which new individual organisms (offspring) are produced from their parents. The offspring have features from each parent.
Explain why organisms (including humans) must reproduce.
to stop species from going extinct.
State what a gamete is.
A sex cell
Name the gametes produced by human males and females.
Males-sperm cells
Females-egg cells
State the one thing the male and female sex cells have in common.
The nucleus contains half of the instructions to make a new human.
Name the part of the male reproductive system where sperm are produced
sperm are produced in the testes.
Explain how sperm travel from the production site to the penis.
the sperm pass along the sperm duct and out the urethra at the end of the penis.
Name the part of the female reproductive system where eggs are produced
Eggs are produced in the ovaries.
Name the part of the female reproductive system where sperm are released into the female
The Vagina.
Name the part of the female reproductive system where fertilisation of the egg takes place
Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct.
name the part of the female reproductive system where a fertilised egg will develop into a baby over 9 months
the uterus.
Describe what is meant by the term fertilisation
the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg must fuse (join together) to produce a fertilised egg (zygote). This produces a new organism with the full genetic information.
State the meaning of “zygote”
fertilised egg cell.
State what happens to the number of cells after fertilisation.
they will divide, and the total number of cells will double after each division.
State where the zygote goes after fertilisation.
it travels down the oviduct and embeds itself in the uterus wall.
Explain how the placenta helps an embryo survive
placenta contains blood vessels belonging to both the mother and the embryo.
- food and oxygen to pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood.
- waste and carbon dioxide to pass from the embryo’s blood to the mother’s blood.
State what the umbilical cord is.
The placenta is attached to the developing embryo by the umbilical cord
State what a foetus is
Once the embryo has developed all its organs (after about 10 weeks) it is called a foetus.
State the very important function of the amniotic sac.
This liquid acts as a shock-absorber which protects the embryo from physical damage.
State the effect on the foetus/baby of smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream of a foetus. This can lead to low birth weight and premature birth (when a baby is born too soon).
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can harm the developing baby’s nervous system, especially its brain.
Name some chemicals or diseases which can damage the developing embryo/foetus.
An environmental chemical called ORGANOPHSOPHATES, found in insecticides.
Slower brain development leading to poor memory, slower processing speed, poorer comprehension / reasoning.
State how these chemicals can get from the mother’s body to the embryo’s/foetus’ body.
some small chemicals and viruses can pass from the mothers blood to the foetus’s blood at the placenta.
Describe the effects of some chemicals/diseases on the health of the embryo/foetus/baby.
HIV-spontaneous early abortion, low birth weight babies, and stillbirths.
Malaria-intrauterine growth retardation, and delivery of low birth-weight infants (<2500 g or <5.5 pounds), a risk factor for death.
