Mr tough 1

Question 1

State what reproduction is

Answer 1

Reproduction is the process by which new individual organisms (offspring) are produced from their parents. The offspring have features from each parent.

Question 2

Explain why organisms (including humans) must reproduce.

Answer 2

to stop species from going extinct.

Question 3

State what a gamete is.

Answer 3

A sex cell

Question 4

Name the gametes produced by human males and females.

Answer 4

Males-sperm cells
Females-egg cells

Question 5

State the one thing the male and female sex cells have in common.

Answer 5

The nucleus contains half of the instructions to make a new human.

Question 6

Name the part of the male reproductive system where sperm are produced

Answer 6

sperm are produced in the testes.

Question 7

Explain how sperm travel from the production site to the penis.

Answer 7

the sperm pass along the sperm duct and out the urethra at the end of the penis.

Question 8

Name the part of the female reproductive system where eggs are produced

Answer 8

Eggs are produced in the ovaries.

Question 9

Name the part of the female reproductive system where sperm are released into the female

Answer 9

The Vagina.

Question 10

Name the part of the female reproductive system where fertilisation of the egg takes place

Answer 10

Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct.

Question 11

name the part of the female reproductive system where a fertilised egg will develop into a baby over 9 months

Answer 11

the uterus.

Question 12

Describe what is meant by the term fertilisation

Answer 12

the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg must fuse (join together) to produce a fertilised egg (zygote). This produces a new organism with the full genetic information.

Question 13

State the meaning of “zygote”

Answer 13

fertilised egg cell.

Question 14

State what happens to the number of cells after fertilisation.

Answer 14

they will divide, and the total number of cells will double after each division.

Question 15

State where the zygote goes after fertilisation.

Answer 15

it travels down the oviduct and embeds itself in the uterus wall.

Question 16

Explain how the placenta helps an embryo survive

Answer 16

placenta contains blood vessels belonging to both the mother and the embryo.

• food and oxygen to pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood.
• waste and carbon dioxide to pass from the embryo’s blood to the mother’s blood.

Question 17

State what the umbilical cord is.

Answer 17

The placenta is attached to the developing embryo by the umbilical cord

Question 18

State what a foetus is

Answer 18

Once the embryo has developed all its organs (after about 10 weeks) it is called a foetus.

Question 19

State the very important function of the amniotic sac.

Answer 19

This liquid acts as a shock-absorber which protects the embryo from physical damage.

Question 20

State the effect on the foetus/baby of smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Answer 20

Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream of a foetus. This can lead to low birth weight and premature birth (when a baby is born too soon).

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can harm the developing baby’s nervous system, especially its brain.

Question 21

Name some chemicals or diseases which can damage the developing embryo/foetus.

Answer 21

An environmental chemical called ORGANOPHSOPHATES, found in insecticides.

Slower brain development leading to poor memory, slower processing speed, poorer comprehension / reasoning.

Question 22

State how these chemicals can get from the mother’s body to the embryo’s/foetus’ body.

Answer 22

some small chemicals and viruses can pass from the mothers blood to the foetus’s blood at the placenta.

Question 23

Describe the effects of some chemicals/diseases on the health of the embryo/foetus/baby.

Answer 23

HIV-spontaneous early abortion, low birth weight babies, and stillbirths.

Malaria-intrauterine growth retardation, and delivery of low birth-weight infants (<2500 g or <5.5 pounds), a risk factor for death.