Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y2 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Types of in utero bone development

A

Intramembranous ossification(flat bones)

Endochondrial ossification(long bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A

Condensation of mesenchymal cells
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid->osteocyte
Trabecular matrix & periosteum form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endochondrial ossification process

A

Hyaline cartilage precursor
Perichondrium forms around it
Calcified matrix forms around POC
POC is at centre, SOC at end of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bone cells and function

A

Osteogenic cell: stem cell

Osteoblast: build bone, secrete osteoid

Osteoclast: consume bone(phagocytosis)

Osteocyte: mature bone cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an osteon

A

Unit of cortical bone
Concentric lamellae around a central Haversian canal
Transverse canals: Volksmans canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structure of long bones

A

Epiphysis
Physis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of bone growth

A 
Interstitial(lengthening):
Happens at physis
Contains hyaline cartilage
Epiphysis: hyaline cartilage divides
Diaphysis: cartilage calcifies into bone

Appositional(thickening):
Periosteum ridges->groove for blood vessels
Ridges fuse into endosteum lined tunnel
Osteoblast in endosteum form osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stabilising factors for synovial joints

A

Ligament
Tendon
Bone surface congruity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differences between children bones and adult bones

A

Elasticity: high density of Haversian canals, bones bend before breaking
Physis
Speed of healing
Remodelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Congenital paediatric conditions

A

Developmental dysplasia of hip
Clubfoot
Achondroplasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of hip and risk factors

A

HoF is unstable/incongruous with acetabulum

Female
Family history
Breech
Oligohydramnios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Developmental dysplasia of hip investigations and treatment

A

Range of motion->limited abduction
Ultrasound(<4m)
X ray(>4m)

Pavlik harness->reducible hip & <6m
MUA and closed reduction and spica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clubfoot risk factors

A

Hawaiian

M2:1F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clubfoot deformities

A

C- cavus: high arch
A- adductus of foot: tight tib ant.&post.
V: varus: tight ach tendon
E: equinos: tight ach tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clubfoot treatment

A

Ponseti method:
Series of casts
Many require operative treatment
Foot orthosis brace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is achondroplasia

A

Most common skeletal dysplasia
Autosomal dominant
Inhibition of chondrocytic proliferation in physis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Achondroplasia signs

A

Humerus shorter than forearm
Femur shorter than tibia
Normal trunk
Adult height 125cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Decreased type 1 collagen due to low production or abnormal collagen
Insufficient osteoid production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta manifestations

A

Short stature
Fragility fractures
Scoliosis

Blue sclera
Brown, soft teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classification of paeds fractures(PAEDS)

A 
P- pattern
A- anatomy: prox/mid/dist 1/3
E- extra-intraarticular: pri/sec bone heal
D- displacement: angulated, rotated etc
S- Salter-Harris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Salter-Harris types

A 
Physeal separation
Transverses physis, exits metaphysis
Transverses physis, exits epiphysis
Passes through meta, dia and physis
Crush injury to physis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of growth arrest

A

Whole physis: limb length discrepancy

Partial physis: angulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Growth arrest treatment

A

Limb length: shorten long side vice versa

Angulation: stop growing unaffected side/reform bone(osteotomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 causes of a limping child

A

Septic arthritis

Perthes disease

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis(SUFE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Septic arthritis diagnosis and management
Non-weight bearing ESR>40 WCC>12,000 Temp>38 Joint aspiration->MS&C Surgical washout Transient synovitis once SA excluded
26
What is perthes disease
Idiopathic necrosis of proximal femur epiphysis 4-8 years old Commonly male Supportive treatment
27
What is SUFE
Proximal epiphysis slips in relation to metaphysis Commonly obese adolescent male Hypothyroidism/Hypopituitarism Operative fixation with screws
28
What makes up a sarcomere
A band: myosin(dark) I band: actin(light) Z disc separates sarcomeres
29
What is actin made of
Actin twisted into helix Each molecule has myosin binding site Also has troponin and tropomyosin
30
Muscle fibre types
Type 1: slow Type 2a: fast fatigue resistant Type 2b: fast fatiguable
31
Regulation of muscle fibres
Recruitment: smaller units recruited first Rate coding: slow units fire at lower frequency
32
2 examples of muscle plasticity
Ageing: from type 2 to type 1 Microgravity: type 1 to type 2
33
What happens to microfilament during muscle contraction
Ca binds to troponin Tropomyosin moves Myosin binding site on actin exposed Actin-myosin crossbridges form
34
Clinical signs of a fracture
``` Pain Swelling Crepitus Deformity Adjacent structural injury ```
35
Fracture healing process
Bleeding Inflammation Proliferation Remodelling Haematoma forms Cytokine release, angiogenesis Soft callus formation(type2 collagen) Converts to hard callus(type1 collagen)
36
Fracture management
Reduction Hold Rehabilitation
37
Types of fracture reduction
Open | Closed
38
Types of hold fracture management
Closed: plaster, traction(skin/skeletal) Fixation: External(mono/multiplanar) Internal(intra/extramedullary)
39
Fracture complications
``` General: Fat embolus DVT Infection Prolonged immobility ``` ``` Specific: Neurovascular injury Muscle/tendon injury Nonunion Degenerative change ```
40
NoF fracture causes and important history features
Osteoporosis Trauma Age Comorbidities Pre-injury mobility Social history
41
NoF fracture classification
Near head of femur: intracapsular | Below head of femur: extracapsular ->transcervical, intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric
42
NoF management
Extracapsular: internal fixation Intracapsular: Undisplaced(fixation with screws) Displaced-> <55y(reduce and fixation) or >65y(total hip replacement if fit, hemiarthroplasty if unfit)
43
Distal radius fracture management
Check for angulation Minimal displacement->cast Extraarticular unstable->MUA & K wire Intraarticular->ORIF(open reduction, internal fixation)
44
Shoulder dislocation symptoms, investigations and name of defect
Direct trauma Pain Restricted movement Loss of normal shoulder contour Test axillary nerve X ray Scapular Y view Hill Sachs defect
45
Types of tendinopathy
Tendinosis Tendinitis Rupture
46
What is osteomalacia
Bone demineralisation due to low vit D Muscle weakness and fragile bones Treat with vit D injections
47
Gout causes, common joint and medications
Urate crystal deposition->inflammation Caused by purine rich food and kidney problems Commonly big toe Colchicine NSAIDs Steroids Allopurinol
48
What is pseudogout
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition
49
Pseudogout vs gout
Gout: negative birefringence, needle shaped crystals PG: positive birefringence, rhomboid shaped crystals
50
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms
Symmetrical polyarthritis | Early morning stiffness, better after movement
51
Rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies
Rheumatoid factor: igM against IgG | Antibodies to citrullinated protein antigen(ACPA): specific for RA
52
RA treatment
DMARDs: Methotrexate+sulfasalazine/hydroxychloroquine Janus kinase inhibitors Biological therapy: TNF inhibition, B cell depletion, IL-6 inhibition
53
RA complications
Osteopenia Bony erosions Joint space narrowing
54
What is psoriatic arthritis
Asymmetrical arthritis | Skin manifestations present as well
55
What is ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic inflammation of sacroiliac joint Causes spinal fusion Commonly 20-30y male Associated with HLA-B27
56
Ankylosing spondylitis investigations
Bloods: normocytic anaemia, high CRP&ESR, HLA-B27 X ray MRI: squaring vertebral bodies, erosion/sclerosis/narrowing, bamboo spine
57
Side effect of DMARDs
Liver damage: bilirubin, ALT, ALP, albumin
58
What does high ALP indicate? | What does low calcium/phosphate indicate?
ALP: Paget’s disease of bone | Calcium/phosphate: osteomalacia
59
SLE diagnosis
ANA->sensitive but not specific | dsDNA antibody->specific for SLE
60
X ray findings for gout, OA, RA
Gout: rat bites OA: joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, subchondral cyst RA: bony erosions
61
Ultrasound findings RA
Synovial hypertrophy Increased blood flow May detect erosions not on x ray
62
Osteoarthritis symptoms
Pain related to use Minimal morning stiffness Swelling Low range of motion
63
Osteoarthritis finger manifestations
Bouchard nodes-> PIP | Heberdens nodes-> DIP
64
Types of connective tissue disorder
``` SLE Sjorgen’s syndrome Inflammatory muscle disease Systemic sclerosis Overlap syndrome ```
65
Connective tissue disease symptoms
Serum antibodies Non erosive arthritis Raynaud’s phenomenon: intermittent vasospasm of digits when cold(white to blue to red)
66
SLE management
Hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate | B cell targeted therapy
67
What is Sjogren’s syndrome and presentations
Autoimmune exocrinopathy Dry eyes Dry mouth Parotid gland enlargement
68
What is inflammatory muscle disease and what antibodies are present
Dermatomyositis(rash) or polymyositis Anti-tRNA
69
What is systemic sclerosis
Scleroderma Thickened skin CREST syndrome
70
What is overlap syndrome
More than 1 CTD present | Mixed connective tissue disease: anti-U1-RNP antibody
71
Lower back pain red flags
Weight loss Fever Night pain <19 y
72
Leg pain red flags
Bowel/bladder dysfunction Saddle anaesthesia Profound neurological deficit
73
Osteopenia vs osteoporosis
Penia: DEXA scan between -1 and -2.5 Porosis: DEXA scan < -2.5 Osteoblast activity low Commonly female

Y2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions