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Year 3 - Surgery > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

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1
Q

NoF #

Classes and subclasses

A
  1. Intracapsular
    - Sub capital
    - Intra-cervical
    - Basi-cervical
  2. Intra trochanteric
  3. Sub trochanteric
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2
Q

Subacromial impingement

  • X-Ray signs
A

Subacromial impingement

  • Reduced AC joint space
  • Hooked acromion (osteophyte)
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3
Q

Subacromial impingement

  • Mx
A

Subacromial impingement Mx

  1. Analgesia + PT
  2. CST (I Art)
  3. Acromioplasty
    Decompression
    Cuff repair
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4
Q

ACJ Impingement

  • Tests
A

ACJ Impingement

  1. Neers Test
    - InterNal rotate
    - Passive flex pain
  2. HawKins test
    - FleX to 90°
    - I rotation pain
  3. Painful arc
    - 60-120°
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5
Q

Rotator cuff special tests

A
  1. Supra spin
    - Empty can test - resistance
  2. Sub scap
    - internal rotate
    Eg. Belly press
    Eg. Gerbers lift off test
  3. Infra spin/ teres min
    - External rotate (elbow 90°)
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6
Q

Pelvis XR

- Approach

A

Pelvis X Ray

A. Acetabulum

- eg. Perthes
- Joint space

B. Bones

- 3 Rings
- Single interruption always accompanied by another break
- Proximal femur

C. Coccyx
- Sacral foramina

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7
Q

Colles Fracture

  1. Location
  2. Mechanism
A

Colles

  1. Distal radius
  2. FOOSH
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Elderly Women
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8
Q

Bone Cysts

  1. Pathophysiology
  2. Complications
A

Bone Cysts

  1. Pathophysiology
    • Fluid filled
  2. Complications
    • Weakening of bone
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9
Q

Oxford Knee Score

- Indication
- Components
A

Oxford Knee Score

-	Indication
  1. Arthritis assessment
  2. QoL
  3. Pre- and post- Knee Replacement
    • Components
  4. Pain
    - Rest pain
  5. ADLs
  6. Gait
  7. Walking time
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10
Q

What focal neuropathy is a common presentation of MS?

A

Optic Neuritis

  1. Dull ache behind eye on movement
  2. Monocular loss/colour change/lights
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11
Q

Trigger Finger

  1. Presentation
  2. Epidemiology
A

Trigger finger

  1. S&S
    • Painful popping sensation with flexion and extension
    • Palpable node at MC head
  2. Epidemiology
    • Females 50-60
    • Dominant hand
    • DM
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12
Q

Trigger finger

- Mx

A

Trigger finger

  1. NSAIDs
  2. Flexor tendon sheath injection
    • methylprednisolone and lidocaine
  3. Surgery
    • Incise A1 Pulley
    • Synovectomy in RA
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13
Q

Cauda equina

- Examination red flags

A

Cauda equina

  1. Perineal numbness
  2. Inability to stop urinating mid-stream
  3. DRE: Cannot ‘bear down’
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14
Q

MSK History Taking

- Significant Allergies

A

MSK Allergies

  1. ABx
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Nickel
  4. Elastoplasts
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15
Q

Surgical history

  1. What is DDH
  2. What are the implications?
A

Developmental dysplasia of hip

  1. Shallow acetabulum, loose head of femur
  2. DDH Complications
    • Risk of avascular necrosis
    • Acetabular dysplasia
    • Pavlov harness disease (acetabular erosion)
    • Degenerative disease
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16
Q

MSK

- SHx

A

MSK Social history

  1. QoL
  2. Work
    • Occupation
    • Time off
    • Limb dominance
  3. Home
    • Acomm/adaptions
    • People
  4. ADLs
    • Wash, including toenails
    • Dress, including shoes
  5. Driving
  6. Hobbies and walking
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17
Q

Joint specific ADLs

A

ADLs

  1. Lower limb
    • Shoe laces
    • Socks
    • Toe nails
  2. Upper limb
    • High shelves
    • Brushing hair
    • Peg washing
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18
Q

MSK Ex

- Look (Toe to tip)

A

MSK - Look

  1. Gait
    • Toe off
    • Heel strike
  2. Varus legs
  3. Scoliosis
    • Hips
    • Shoulders
  4. Scars
  5. RA Hands
    • Swan Neck
    • Boutonierre
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19
Q

MSK - Move

  1. Active
  2. Active and passive
A

MSK - Move

  1. Active
    • Muscle
  2. Active and passive
    • Joint
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20
Q

Peripheral nerve assessment

A

Peripheral nerve assessment:

  1. Tone
  2. Power
  3. Reflexes
  4. Sensation
    • Light touch
    • Pin point
    • Vibration
    • Proprioception
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21
Q

Hoffman’s test

  1. Indication
  2. Steps
A

Hoffman’s test

  1. Cervical cortico-spinal tract dysfunction
  2. Test
    • Stabilise 3rd PIP joint
    • Flick 3rd distal phalanx
    • Thumb and finger adduct in positive sign
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22
Q

Three special tests for the hip?

A

Hip tests

  1. Trendelenberg
  2. Thomas
    • Hip flexion test
    • Supine patient
    • Hold unaffected knee to chest
    • Positive with loss of extension of other leg
  3. Apparent and true length
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23
Q

Knee

- Special tests

A

Special knee tests

  1. Bulge/tap/sweep tests
    • Effusion
  2. Varus and Valgus stress tests
  3. Drawer tests
  4. Lachmann’s test
  5. ?McMurray’s test
    • Meniscal tear
    • Flex knee and internally rotate
    • Positive if pain on extension
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24
Q

Shoulder

- Three special tests

A

Shoulder special tests

  1. Neers test
    • Depress scapula
    • Internally rotate arm
    • Positive for pain during passive full flexion
  2. Hawkin’s test
    • 90º flexion at shoulder and elbow
    • Positive for pain on passive internal rotation of shoulder
  3. Scarf test
    • 90º flexion at shoulder and elbow
    • Positive with pain on passive abduction of shoulder
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25
MSK XRay | - Context for presenting
MSK XRay 1. Name and age 2. Source of referral 3. Admission date 4. Occupation and limb dominance 5. Timing and mechanism of injury
26
MSK XRay | - Medical history of note
MSK XRay 1. Smoker? 2. Chronic disease?
27
MSK XRay | - A white line vs a dark line?
MSK XRay 1. Dark line - is a gap 2. White line - is an overlap
28
MSK Bone Lesions | - Three types
MSK Bone Lesions 1. Lytic 2. Sclerotic 3. Mixed
29
Posterior humeral dislocation 1. Sign 2. Common presentation
Posterior humeral dislocation 1. Lightbulb Sign 2. Common after Status Epilepticus - Often missed during post-ictal
30
Scaphoid Fractures 1. Complexity 2. Followup
Scaphoid fractures 1. Poor blood supply - Poor healing 2. 8 week CT scan to check healing
31
Tendon rupture | - Ruling out neuropathy?
Tendon rupture - Tenodesis (manipulating the tendon in clinic) - No movement if rupture, movement in spite of any neuropathology
32
Correcting ulnar variance?
Ulnar variance correction 1. Radial osteotomy 2. Pelvic bone graft
33
Bennet’s fracture 1. Location 2. Mechanism 3. Complications
Bennet’s fracture 1. Location - Base of first metacarpal 2. Mechanism - Commonly in sports 3. Complications - Rolando fracture (segmented) - Malunion - uneven, arthritic
34
Vertebrae - Anatomical features (Body to process)
Vertebrae 1. Body 2. Posterior longitundinal ligament 3. Pedicles 4. Pars interarticularis 5. Lamina 6. Ligamentum flavum 7. Spinous process 8. Interspinous ligaments 9. Supraspinous ligaments
35
Spine | - Five causes of instability
Spinal instability 1. Degenerative 2. Trauma 3. Infection 4. Tumour 5. Developmental
36
Spinal bone damage | - Three degrees of lysis
Spinal bone 1. Spondylosis 2. Spondylolisthesis 3. Spondyloptosis
37
Spondylolisthesis | - Causes
Spondylolisthesis 1. Lytic - Isthmic movement - Subluxation 2. Degenerative 3. Iatrogenic 4. Traumatic 5. Congenital 6. Malignant
38
Spondylolisthesis - Most common site - Most common presentation
Spondylolisthesis 1. L5 nerve root - L5 - S1 foramen 2. Axial back pain - Leg pain (L5 radiculopathy) - Neurogenic claudication - Dorsiflexion and EHL weakness (L5)
39
Disc prolapse | - Four stages
Disc prolapse 1. Degeneration 2. Prolapse 3. Extrusion - Central/para-central/lateral - Cauda equina risk 4. Sequestration
40
Spinal stenosis | - Common causes
Spinal stenosis causes 1. OA of facet joint 2. Ligamentum flavum thickening
41
Spinal stenosis | - Mx
Spinal stenosis 1. Laminectomy 2. Flavectomy and undercutting 3. Discectomy and facetectomy
42
Cauda equina syndrome | - Most important action
Cauda equina syndrome | * Document everything
43
Cauda equina | - Red flags
Cauda equina S&S 1. Back pain 2. Saddle anaesthesia 3. True incontinence 4. Leg pain
44
Cauda equina | - Investigations
Cauda equina investigations 1. Bedside DRE - Atony - Neuro-tip peri-anal numbness 2. Bladder scan - 200ml+ post-void 3. MRI
45
Level of the end of spinal cord
End of spinal cord 1. Lower border of L1
46
Spinal cord compression | - Aetiologies
Cord compression 1. Metastasis 2. Trauma 3. Epidural collection 4. Disk prolapse (C1-T12)
47
Myelopathy 1. Pathology 2. S&S
Myelopathy 1. Chronic cord compression 2. S&S - Pain (neck, arm, lower back) - Paraesthesia or Myasthenia - UMN (Reflexes, incontinence) - Discoordination
48
Cord compression syndrome | - S&S
Cord compression syndrome S&S 1. Ataxia 2. Weakness 3. Numbness
49
Spine Exam | - Look
Spine exam look 1. Muscle 2. Scoliosis 3. Listing (acute scoliosis) 4. Lordosis and kyphosis
50
Spine Exam | - Move
Spine Exam - Move Cervical - Flex/extend - Rotate Thoracic - Rotate Lumbar 1. Flex - Modified Schober’s Test 2. Extend 3. Lateral flexion - Correction of scoliosis?
51
Spine exam | - Special Tests
Spine special test 1. Modified schober - PSIS - 5 below, 10 above 2. Straight leg raise - Disc or nerve root - Spine with pillow - Passive lift - Pain on other side - Repeat with ankle or neck 3. Spurling
52
Ankle anatomy | - Joint between tibia and fibula?
Ankle joint | - Syndosmosis
53
Ankle anatomy | - Mortise components
Ankle joint 1. Tibial ‘plafond’ 2. Talar ‘dome’
54
Ankle - Sural supply? - Saphenous supply?
Ankle 1. SuraL supply - Lateral 2. SapheNous supply? - Medial
55
Halux valgus | - Presentation
Halux valgus 1. Middle-aged women 2. Pain over medial eminence
56
Hallux rigidus | - Presentation
Hallux rigidus 1. MTJ 1 stiffness 2. OA Changes - L oss of space - O steophytes - S ubchondral sclerosis - S ubchondral cysts
57
Morton’s neuroma 1. S&S 2. Ex
Morton’s neuroma 1. S&S - Localised pain III-IV toe base - Swollen sensory ganglion 2. Ex - Feel for tenderness - “Click test” (Metatarsal squeeze)
58
Plano-valgus foot | - Presentation
Plano-valgus foot Presentation 1. Middle aged females 2. Posterior tibial tendon 3. Progressive deformity - can be traumatic
59
Plano-valgus foot - Classifications - Management
Plano-valgus foot: Mx 1. Conservative - Insoles - Physio 2. If flexible - Reconstruction 3. If stiff - Arthrodesis - Sub-talar or triple
60
Ankle OA - Presentation - Management
Ankle OA Mx - Pain over anterior 1. Analgesia 2. Immobilisation 3. Surgery - Osteotomy realignment - Arthrodesis - Arthroplasty
61
Foot exam - Look | - Three binaries
Foot exam - Look binaries 1. Hind foot - Varus/valgus 2. Mid-foot - Pes Planus/Pes cavus 3. Toes - Deformity
62
Foot exam | - Gaits
Foot exam - Gaits 1. Foot drop - Tibialis anterior 2. Antalgic 3. Protective - Excessive lateral contact
63
Foot exam | - Two special tests
Foot exam: Special tests 1. Drawer test - One hand on leg - Draw and dorsiflex foot 2. Thompson/Simmonds test - Prone patient, dangling foot/flexed knee - Calf squeeze
64
Finkelstein's Test 1. Diagnosis 2. Test
Finkelstein's Test 1. Diagnosis - De Quervains 2. Test - Passive ulnar deviation of thumb - Passive longitudinal traction - EPB and APL pain over radial styloid
65
Weber | - Three classifications
Ankle fractures Weber A - Below syndosmosis - Generally stable Weber B - Level of syndosmosis - Can suffer talar shift Weber C - Above the level of syndosmosis
66
Lisfranc - Common injury - Anatomy
Lisfranc 1. Ligament from medial cuniform to second metatarsal 2. Common in fracture dislocation
67
Jones Fracture - Anatomy - Mechanism
Jones fracture 1. 5th metatarsal fracture 2. Commonly injured on inversion (High Heels)
68
March Fracture 1. History 2. Risk factors 3. Management
March Fracture 1. Stress fracture - Longer walk - Sudden pain - Bump noted after 1-2/52 (callous formation) 2. RFs: - Osteoporosis - Vitamin D deficiency 3. Reassure and observe
69
Calcaneal injury 1. Mechanism 2. Investigations
Calcaneal injury 1. Jump from height 2. Investigate: - Spine - N of F
70
Hip injury - History
Hip injury Hx 1. Pain - Front and side 2. Stiffness/RoM/LoF
71
Hip pain | - DDx
Hip pain DDx 1. NoF 2. Greater trochanter 3. Spine
72
Hip injury | - 5 ADLs
Hip ADLs 1. Walking aids (in/outside) 2. Get out of car? 3. Put on socks 4. Stairs 5. Sports
73
Hip exam | - Three gaits
Hip Gaits 1. Trendelenburg 2. Antalgic 3. Short leg
74
Hip Exam | - Three leg measures
Measure leg length? 1. True leg length - ASIS to Medial Malleolus 2. Apparent leg length - Xiphisternum to medal malleolus 3. Femur vs tibial shortening - Bend knee
75
Hip Exam | - Three special tests
Hip Special tests 1. Trendelenburg 2. Leg length 3. Thomas Test
76
Hip exam | - Thomas test
Thomas test 1. Hand under lumbar lordosis 2. Single knee up to test 3. Positive with other leg involvement (iliopsoas tension)
77
Knee fractures | - Demographic
Knee fractures 1. Female > Male (4:1) 2. 86% are over 60.
78
NoF | - Presentation
NoF Presentaiton 1. Short and externally rotated 2. Pain - Groin - Thigh - Referred to knee (elderly) 3. Inability to weight-bear
79
NoF | - Management
NoF Mx 1. Analgesia and fluids 2. Operation within 24 hours! 3. Rapid mobilisation
80
NoF | - Surgery
NoF Surgery 1. ORIF 2. DHS 3. Hemi-arthroplasty 4. THR
81
NoF | - Classes of fracture
NoF 1. Intra capsular - Sub-capital - Trans-cervical - Basi-cervical 2. Inter-trochanteric - Pertrochanteric 3. Sub-trachanteric
82
NoF | - Garden Classification
NoF - Garden classification Type I - Non-displaced - Incomplete Type II - Non-displaced - Complete Type III - Displaced Partially Type IV - Displaced Fully
83
NoF | - Subtrochanteric surgery
Sub-trochanteric NoF Surgery - Intra-medullary nail
84
Sub-trochanteric fracture | - Three pathological causes
Sub-trochanteric fracture 1. Metastasis 2. Paget's 3. OP
85
OA | - Management steps
OA Conservative 1. Weight-loss/walking aids 2. Physio 3. Splints/braces Medical management 1. Analgesia 2. Steroids Surgery 1. Arthroplasty 2. Arthrodesis 3. Osteotomy
86
Septic arthritis 1. Risk factors 2. Management
Septic arthritis RFs 1. Joint disease (OA/RA) 2. Prosthesis 3. 80+ 4. Immunosupression Mx 1. Urgent washout 2. IV ABx
87
Septic arthritis - Investigations
Septic arthritis investigations 1. Aspiration - WCC - Gram, MS&C - Polarising microscopy 2. Bloods - Culture - WCC, ESR, CRP, U&E, LFT 3. Imaging - USS (for hip aspiration) - XRay
88
Supracondylar femur fracture | - Categories
Supra-condylar femur fractures 0. Partial-condylar 1. Uni-condylar 2. Bi-condylar
89
Patella fracture - Classifications - Management
Patella fracture Classifications 1. Direct (commonly stellate) 2. Indirect (commonly transverse) Management 1. Un-displaced - Splint and protect 2. Displaced - Reduce and fix
90
Patella dislocation | - Mechanism
Patella dislocation mechanisms 1. Turning action 2. Fall on bent knee
91
Meniscal injury 1. Mechanism 2. Symptoms
Meniscal injury 1. Mechanism - Twisting in high flexion 2. Symptoms - Catching, jamming, locking
92
Meniscal injury management 1. Acute 2. Chronic
Meniscal injury management 1. Acute - Meniscectomy - Repair 2. Chronic (eg. degenerative) - Conservative - Rehab
93
Collateral ligament injury 1. Mechanism 2. Management
Collateral ligament injury 1. Mechanism - Contact/direct force 2. Management - Brace and rehab - Repair
94
ACL Injury 1. Presentation 2. Management
ACL Injury 1. Presentation - Loading force - Directional change Sedentary mx 1. PRICE 2. NSAIDs 3. Cautious physio - Moderate demands management 1. PRICE 2. Formal physio 3. Customised bracing - Intense demands 1. PRICE 2. Cautious physio 3. Surgical repair - Intra articular autograft - Hamstring graft - Cadaveric allograft
95
PCL Injury 1. Mechanism 2. Management
PCL Injury 1. Mechanism - Fall onto knee - Hyperextension 2. Management - Brace - Rehabilitate
96
Knee dislocation | - Mechanism
Knee dislocation mechanism - 3/4 ligaments injured 1. High energy trauma 2. Low energy trauma in obesity
97
Knee injury | - DDx and haemarthroma
Knee injury haemarthroma 1. Large, fast - ACL 2. Subtler - PCL
98
Chronic knee pain | - Differentials
Knee pain DDx 1. Referred pain - Back/hip 2. Neoplastic pain - Osteochondroma - Bone/ST tumour 3. Neuropathic - Sciatic 4. Vascular - Claudication
99
Knee effusion | - Two tests
Knee effusion tests 1. Sweep test 2. Patella tap (larger amount)
100
Knee | - ROM
Knee RoM -10º to 155º
101
Knee | - Cruciate Special tests
Knee special tests 1. ACL - Anterior draw (45°) - Lachman's (20-30°) - Pivot shift (Passive flex +IR+Axial+Valgus) 2. PCL - Posterior sag - Posterior draw test
102
Knee | - Collateral tests
Colateral knee tests 1. Varus and Valgus stress 2. 0º of flexion 30º of flexion
103
Knee | - Meniscal tear Signs
Meniscal tear Signs 1. McMurray test - Extension and flexion - IR and ER w/ Varus/valgus 2. Apley test - Meniscal compression - Ligamental distraction 3. 'Duck Walk' test
104
Hand | - Intrinsic Innervationn
Intrinsic hand innervation 1. Mostly Ulnar 2. LOAF Median
105
LOAF muscles
L ateral lumbricals O pponens policis A bductor policis brevis F lexor policis brevis
106
Hand injury | - Flexion significance
Hand injury flexion 1. Flexed tendons will move after injury 2. Extended tendons will remain after injury
107
Hand Exam | - Special Tests
Hand Special Tests 1. Bones - Anatomical snuffbox (Scaphoid) - Scaphoid palpation - Scaphoid balloting 2. Neurovascular - Tinels - Phalens - Allen's test - Cap refil
108
Hand exam | - Look
Hand exam Look findings 1. Elbow lump (RA) 2. Lost cascade - Jersey injury 3. Boutonniere's - Central slip rupture 4. Swan neck - Stress on plate or PIP - Trauma - RA, cerebral palsy 5. Guttering (RA)
109
Hand exam | - Functional assessment
Hand function tests 1. Pinch grip - OK Sign - IO nerve 2. Power grip - eg. Spanner 3. Key grip - Froment's Test 4. Hook grip - eg. Climbing
110
Hand exam | - Feel
Hand exam feel 1. Warmth/perfusion 2. Hydrosis 3. MCPs - RA 4. DIPs - OA 5. Congruent? 6. Dupuytren's
111
Dupuytren's | - Mx at stages
Dupuytren's Mx 0. Observation 1. Steroids <30º 2. Collagenase injection 3. Needle aponeurotomy 4. Percutaneous fasciotomy >30º 5. Splinting 6. Radiotherapy
112
Hand exam | - Move
Hand exam movement 1. Wrist flexion and deviation 2 Thumb movements - Thumb extend is radial - Thumb ABduct is palmar
113
Hand exam | - 2 Tunnels and Specials
Hand exam specials 1. Tinnel's - Carpal - Cubital (lateral condyle) 2. Finkelstein's test - De Quervain's - Grasp thumb with fingers - Ulnar deviation pain
114
Radial fractures | - Dorsal displacement of distal portion
Colles 1. Extra articular fracture 2. Dorsal displacement 3. Ulnar styloid injury
115
Radial Fractures | - Volarly displaced distal portion
Volar radius fracture 1. Smiths I - Extra-articular III - Juxta-articular (oblique) 2. Type II (Barton's) - Intra-articular
116
Shoulder | - 3 Reaches
Shoulder functions 1. Head 2. Armpit 3. Bottom
117
Shoulder Injuries | - Three Demographics
Shoulder demographics 10-30 1. Instability - CTD - Trauma 40-60 2. Impingement 3. Adhesive capsulitis 4. Inflammatory 60-80 5. Cuff tear/arthropathy 6. OA
118
Night joint pain | - Two differentials
Night pain | 1. Inflammatory disease Low cortisol 2. Cancer
119
Shoulder | - Radiating pain
Shoulder radiating pain C5/C6 Radiculopathy - Paraesthesia in hand
120
Shoulder | - Loss of ER 3 causes
Shoulder Ext. Rot. loss 1. OA 2. Frozen 3. Post-dislocation
121
Shoulder | - Three types of weakness
Shoulder weaknesses 1. Muscle - Cuff tear 2. Tendon pain - Eg. calcium tendonitis 3. Nerve palsy - Axillary - Long thoracic
122
Shoulder | - Two Swelling causes
Shoulder swelling 1. Sub-deltoid bursitis 2. ACJ dislocation
123
Shoulder | - Four joints
Four shoulder joints 1. GHJ 2. SCJ - Sterno-clavicular 3. ACJ 4. STJ - Scapulo-thoracic
124
Rotator cuff | - 4 Muscles
Rotator cuff 1. Supra spin 2. Sub scap 3&4 Infra spin Teres minor
125
Shoulder anatomy | - 3 Stabilisers
Shoulder stabilisers 1. Labrum 2. Ligaments 3. Capsule
126
Shoulder Exam | - Look (4 things)
Shoulder Exam Look 1. Left/right 2. Front/back 3. Wasting - Cuff tear 4. Popeye - Long head (Clavicle to radius)
127
Shoulder exam | - Move (6 things)
Shoulder Exam Move 1. Winging - Dynamic/static 2. Compound - Hands behind head 3. Painful arcs GH 45º-60º ACJ 170º-180º 4. Cuff tests Jobe's/Empty Can (Supra) Gerber's/Lift off (sub) Hornblower's/Ext Rot. (infra/TM) 5. Impingement - Hawkins - Neers Scarf 6. Instability - Apprehension (abduct, ext. rot)
128
Shoulder instability | - Three injurous causes
Shoulder instability 1. Hills Sachs - Humeral head 2. Bankarts - Labrum (and bone) 3. Cuff tear
129
Compartment syndrome | - Pathophysiology
Compartment syndrome 1. Inflammation - Bleeding - Oedema 2. Reduced capillary flow 3. Muscle ischaemia - Further inflammation
130
Compartment syndrome | - Four sites
Compartment syndrome sites 1. Proximal tibia Fx 2. Elbow/forarm Fx 3. Crush injury 4. Circumferential burns
131
Ischaemia | - Five Ps
Ischaemia 1. Painful 2. Pulseless 3. Pale 4. Paraesthesia 5. Paralysed
132
Compartment syndrome | - Investigation
Compartment Ix 1. Intra-compartmental measurement 2. Split catheter
133
Compartment syndrome | - Mx
Compartment Mx 1. Decompression - Casts and dressings - Nurse limb flat 2. Fasciotomy - All compartments 3. Monitor - Debride and close
134
Hip fractures | - Garden Classification
Garden Classification - Intracapsular Type 1: Incomplete stable fracture - impaction in valgus Type 2: Complete non-displaced fracture - Two groups of trabeculae in line Type 3: Partially displaced - Varus - All three trabeculae disturbed Type 4: Completely displaced - No contact between fragments
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Fracture healing - Phases
Fracture healing phases 1. Inflammatory phase - Hours to days - Haematoma, cytokines, GFs - Fibrovascular matrix and callus 2. Reparative phase - Days to weeks - Radio-discernable D7-10 - Hard callus formation - 'Clinical Union' 3. Remodeling phase - Months to years - External callus smoothed

Year 3 - Surgery (7 decks)

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