MSK Flashcards
(24 cards)
Skeletal system is the?
Framework of the body.
Skeletal system can be divided into two subgroups?
- Axial skeleton.
- Appendicular skeleton.
Skeletal system consists of?
- Bones.
- Cartilages.
Cartilages?
-Semi rigid, vascular form of connective tissue.
- Forms parts where more flexibility is required.
Cartilage functions?
- Supports soft tissues.
- Provide smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations (point of meet) at joints.
- Enable development and growth of long bones.
3 types of cartilages?
- Hyaline.
- Elastic.
- Fibrocartilage.
Bones?
- Rigid, vascular connective tissues that forms majority of skeletal system.
Bone functions?
- Support body.
- Protect vital organs.
- Reservoirs of Ca and P.
- Levers on which muscles act to produce movement.
- Containers for blood producing cells.
Types of bones?
- Compact: Dense bones that form outer shell of all bones.
- Spongy: Consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood- forming cells (marrow).
Classification of bones?
By shape:
- Long bones (tubular).
- Short bones (cuboidal).
- Flat bones (two compact bone plates separated by spongy bones).
- Irregular bone (various shapes).
- Sesamoid bones (round or oval and develops tendons).
Joints?
Union of two or bones.
Joints classified functionally (degree of movement allowed).
- Synarthroses: Immovable.
- Amphiarthroses: Partially movable.
- Diarthroses: Freely movable.
Or joints can be classified based on manner or material by which bones are joint?
- Synovial joints: Joint capsule.
- Fibrous joints: fibrous tissue.
- Cartilaginous joints: Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
Classification of synovial joints, based on shape of articulated surface?
- Plane (flat). Like clavicular joint.
- Hinge (Ginglymus). Like elbow joint.
- Pivot. Like superior radioulnar joint.
- Bicondylar (two sets of contact points. Like metacarpalphalengeal joint.
- Condylar (ellipsoid). First carpo metacarpal joint.
- Saddle (CMC of thumb).
- Ball and socket.
Classification of synovial joints, based on movement?
- uniaxial: Movement in one plane.
- biaxial: movement in two planes.
- multiaxial: movement in three planes.
Clinical presentations?
- Accessory bones:
- Heterotopic bones:
- Trauma to bones and bone changes:
- Osteoporosis: bone aging.
- Avascular necrosis: death of bone due to compromised blood supply.
- Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis).
3 types of muscles?
- Skeletal: Striated, multinucleated, voluntary, usually attached to skeleton. Tubular.
- Cardiac: Striated muscle only in muscles of heart and in some of large vessels close to the heart. Uninucleated and involuntary. Branched.
- Smooth: Non-striated, uninucleayed , involuntary and spindle shaped.
Shapes of skeletal muscles?
- Flat muscles- Parallel fibres.
- Pennate muscle (feather like).
- Fusiform muscles- spindle shaped.
- Convergent muscles- Arise from broad area and converge to form single tendons.
- Quadrate- Four equal sides.
- Circular/sphincteral muscles.
- Multiheaded or bellied.
Pennate muscles?
- Unioennate- Muscle fibers slope into one side of tendon.
- Bipennate- Muscle fibres slope into two sides.
- Multipennate: Slope into many bipennate muscles.
Skeletal muscle contractions?
- Reflexive contractions (eg diaphragm).
- Tonic contraction (back muscles).
- Phasic contractions.
- Isometric contractions- muscle length same but force increased above tonic levels.
Phasic contractions?
- Isotonic: Muscle length changes but same tension.
- Eccentric: Contract muscle. (Muscle lengthens).
- Concentric: Muscle shortens.
Skeletal muscles (roles)?
- Prime mover: Main muscle responsible for producing specific movement.
- Fixator: Steadies proximal part of limb through isometric contractions but movement in distal parts.
- Synergist: Complements actions of prime mover.
- Antagonist: Muscle opposes action of other muscle.
- Shunt muscles: Muscles acting to maintain contact between articular surfaces of joint it crosses.
Clinical presentations?
- Muscle soreness and pulled muscles.
- Absence of muscle tone and paralysis.
- Hypertrophy or and atrophy of muscles.
Fascia?
Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat spatters and supports structure. Allows nerves and vessels to transit from one area to another.
Divided into:
- Superficial - deep to dermis.
- Deep- Associcted with bones and muscles.
- Visceral - Holds viscera in place allowing movement and structure.
Clinically fascia’s are quite important because?
They often limit spread of infection and malignant disease.
