Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PPE Revision > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe the unique features of the altas

A
  • No body
  • Lacks spinous process
  • Widest cervical vertebrae
  • Body fused with dens of axis
    • Atlano-axial joint allows for rotation of head
  • Atlanto-occipital joint allows for nodding of head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main features of the axis?

A
  • Dens - prevents horizontal displacement of atlas
  • Large spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the distinct features of the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Oval transverse foramen - vertebral arteries and veins
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Label this diagram of a thoracic vertebrae.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • 2 demi-facets on each side
  • 1 costal facet on each side
  • Round vertebral foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • No foramina of transverse processes
  • No costal facets or demi-facets
  • Vertebral foramina is small and triangular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the remenant of the notocord?

A

Nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the parts of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • Annulus fibrosus
  • Nucleus pulposus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which artery is at risk of during fracture of head of humerus and mid-humeral fracture?

A
  • Anterior/posterior circumflex humeral artery
  • Profunda brachii
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the nerve roots for:

  1. Musculocutaneous
  2. Median
  3. Ulnar
  4. Axillary
  5. Radial
A
  1. Musculocutaneous - C5, C6, C7
  2. Median - C6, C7, C8, T1
  3. Ulnar - C8, T1
  4. Axillary - C5, C6
  5. Radial - C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ulnar claw?

A
  • Lesion of ulnar nerve at wrist
  • Paralysis of medial 2 lumbricals - lumbricals flex MCP & extend IP joints
    • Unopposed extension at MCP due to extendor digitorum
    • Unopposed flexion at distal IP joint by flexor digitorum profundus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the ulnar paradox?

A
  • Lesion of ulnar nerve at elbow is a injury but looks better
  • Flexor digitorum profundus (medial part) is paralysed so there’s no flexion at IP joint making ulnar claw much less obvious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the muscles of pronation and supination?

A
  • Supination - biceps brachii, supinator
  • Pronation - pronator teres, pronator quadratus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which muscles are innervated by musculocutaneous nerve?

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Coracobrachialis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which muscles are innervated by radial nerve?

A
  • Posterior compartment of arm - triceps brachii
  • Posterior compartment of forearm
    • x3 to wrist - ECRL, ECRB, ECU
    • x3 to the fingers - ED, EDM, EI
    • x3 to thumb - EPL, EPB, AbPL
    • +3 - Brachioradialis, anconeus, supinator,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the muscles innervated by the median nerve?

A

Forearm

  • Superficial - Palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres
  • Intermediate - flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Deep - Lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

Hand

  • Muscles of thenar eminence (LOAF) - Lumbricals 1 & 2, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

Forearm

  • Superficial - Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Deep - Medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus

Hand - everything except LOAF (median nerve)

  • Muscles of hypothenar eminence:
    • Opponens digiti minimi
    • Abductor digiti minimi
    • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • Adductor pollicis
  • Palmar/dorsal interosseui
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Hand of Benediction?

A
  • Damage to median nerve
  • Seen when patients asked to make a fist
  • Paralysis of forearm flexors - apart from flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
  • Paralysis of lateral 2 lumbricals
  • Therefore unable to flex index and middle fingers as well as thumb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the motor functions of:

  1. C5
  2. C6
  3. C7
  4. C8
  5. T1
A
  • C5 - elbow flexors
  • C6 - wrist extensors
  • C7 - elbow extensors
  • C8 - finger flexors
  • T1 - finger abductors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the motor functions of:

  • L2
  • L3
  • L4
  • L5
  • S1
Study These Flashcards
A
  • L2 - hip flexors
  • L3 - knee extensors
  • L4 - ankle dorsiflexors
  • L5 - long toe extensors
  • S1 - ankle plantar flexors
22
Q

Briefly describe embrological development of limbs

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Limb buds appear on ventro-lateral body wall (somatic mesoderm with ectodermal cover)
  2. Apical ecotdermal ridge secretes signalling molecules (diffusion limited) preventing differenitation of mesochyme and encourage proliferation
    • Proximal parts begins to differentiate due to lack of signalling molecules from AER
  3. AER marks boundary between dorsal/ventral parts & secretes dorsalising/ventralising influences over mesenchymal core
  4. Zone of polarising activity generates asymmetry in limbs
  5. Digial rays occur as AER regresses over areas between digits
  6. Mesoderm condenses, differentiates = cartilagous model then endochondrial ossification occurs
  7. Myogenic precursors are taken into limbs from somites - bring innovation with them
    • Merge into common muscle masses around skeleton then split into individual muscles
23
Q

What are the borders of the axilla?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lateral wall - intertubecular groove of humerus
  • Medial wall - serratus anterior and thoracic wall
  • Anterior wall - pectoralis major and minor
  • Posterior wall - scapularis, teres major, lastissimus dorsi
24
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Long head of biceps brachii
  • Corocobrachialis
  • Brachial plexus
  • Axillary artery
  • Axillary vein

‘Big boobs can bring pleasure and arousal after viagra’

25
What are the borders of the cubital fossa?
* Superior - imaginary line between epicondyles * Medial - lateral border of pronator teres * Lateral - medial border of brachioradialis
26
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
* Radial nerve * Biceps tendon * Brachial artery * Median nerve 'Really need beer to be at my nicest'
27
What are the contents of the carpel tunnel?
* Median nerve * Flexor pollicis longus * Flexor digitorum superficialis * Flexor digitorum profundus
28
What are the bones of the wrist?
* Scaphoid (lateral) * Lunate * Triquetrum * Pisiform * Trapezium (lateral) * Trapezoid * Cunate * Hamate 'Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle'
29
Common causes of carpel tunnel syndrome
* T = trauma * R = Rheumatoid arthritis * A = acromegaly * M = myxoedma - swelling of skin and underlying tissues (characteristic of hypothyroidism) * P = pregnancy
30
What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?
* Medial border = Tendon of extensor pollicis longus * Lateral border = Tendon of abductor pollicus longus and tendon of extensor pollicis brevis * Proximal border = styloid process of radius
31
What causes pain in the anatomical snuffbox?
* Fracture of scaphoid
32
What is the innervation of serratus anterior? What sign is caused if this nerve is damaged?
* Long thoracic nerve * Winged scapula
33
What is the innervation of latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
34
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
* Superior = inguinal ligament * Lateral = medial border of sartorius * Medial = lateral border of adductor longus * Floor = pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus
35
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
* Femoral Nerve * Femoral Artery * Femoral Vein * Femoral Canal - Lymphatics
36
What is the difference between midinguinal point and midpoint of inguinal ligament? What can be found at these points?
* Mid-inguinal point = midway between pubic symphysis and ASIS - femoral artery * Mid point of inguinal ligament - midway between pubic tubercle (start of inguinal ligament) to ASIS (end of inguinal ligament) - femoral nerve
37
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
* Superiomedial = Semimembranosus * Superiolateral = Biceps femoris * Inferiomedial = Medial head of gastrocnemius * Inferiolateral = Lateral head of gastrocnemius
38
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
* Popliteal artery * Popliteal vein * Tibial nerve * Common fibular nerve
39
What are the deep lateral rotators of the hip?
* Piriformis * Obturator internus * Obturator externus * Quadratus femoris * Gemellus superior * Gemellus inferior 'Play golf or go on quests'
40
What are the muscles of anterior thigh?
* Sartorius * Quadriceps femoris * Rectus femoris * Vastus medialis * Vastus intermedius * Vastus lateralis * Iliopsoas
41
What are the nerve roots for the femoral nerve?
S2-S4
42
What are the muscles of the medial thigh?
* Pectineus * Adductor brevis, longus and magnus * Gracilis
43
What are the nerve roots for the obturator nerve? How does it enter the medial thigh?
* S2-S4 * Through obturator canal in obturator foramen
44
What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?
* Semimembranosus * Semitendinosus * Biceps femoris
45
What is the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
46
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
* Tibialis anterior * Extensor digitorum longus * Extensor hallucis longus * Fibilaris tertius
47
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
* Fibularis longus * Fibularis brevis
48
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
* Gastrosnemius * Soleus * Tibialis posterior * Flexor digitorum longus * Flexor halllucis longus * Plantaris * Popliteus
49
What is the difference between housemaid's knee and clergyman's knee?
* Housemaid's - inflammation of prepatellar bursa * Clergyman's - inflammation of infrapatellar bursa
50
What is the unhappy triad?
* Force to lateral side of knee * Damage to medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
51

PPE Revision (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions