MSK

Question 1

What 4 ligaments make up the knee?

Answer 1

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), PCL (posterior cruciate ligament), MCL (medial collateral ligament), and LCL (lateral collateral ligament)

Question 2

What 2 menisci are there in the knee?

Answer 2

Medial and lateral meniscus

Question 3

What is the most commonly injured knee ligament?

Answer 3

ACL (anterior crucial ligament)

*usually caused by pivoting (suddenly change directions like while playing football)

Question 4

How do you test for an ACL tear?

Answer 4

Anterior drawer sign—> more anterior forward movement than normal

Question 5

How do you typically get an injury to the ACL? PCL?

Answer 5

ACL tear—> from pivoting (like quickly changing directions while playing basketball, for example)
PCL tear—> from trauma (like you get into a car accident and your knee plants into the dashboard, force is directly posteriorly at the knee)

Question 6

How can you test for PCL tear?

Answer 6

Posterior drawer sign—> tibia moves backward more than normal

Question 7

How do people get MCL tears? How can you test for it?

Answer 7

Contact sports or non-contact, like twisting.
Do valgus stress test (push knee inward toward midline and bring lower leg outward away from midline= aBduction)—> you see abnormal passive abduction (medial space widens/ more give)

Question 8

Why is it uncommon to tear your LCL (lateral collateral ligament) in isolation?

Answer 8

It is on the outside/ side of the knee and you aren’t going to play a sport where someone gets between your legs and pushes outward.
*often a LCL injury will only be seen in massive trauma to the knee (lots of other ligaments injured too), will see abnormal passive addiction.

Question 9

What clinical test do we use to test for meniscal tear? What part of the test tests the lateral meniscus? Medial meniscus?

Answer 9

McMurray Test

• extend the knee while rotating the foot
• if pain or “pop” it is a positive test
• internal rotation of the tibia tests lateral meniscus
• external rotation tests medial meniscus

Question 10

The knee is an example of a Synovial joint. What is a Synovial joint?

Answer 10

Connects bones, has a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid

Question 11

What are bursa?

Answer 11

Synovial-lined sacs that serve as cushions in space between bone and tendons/ muscles

Question 12

Where is the supraaspinatus muscle located and what’s its job?

Answer 12

Above the spine of the scapula. Does initial aBduction.

Question 13

How can you test for supraspinatus injury?

Answer 13

Empty can test

Question 14

Where is the infraspinatus muscle located and what does it do?

Answer 14

Below the spine of the scapula. It assists in external rotation/ aBduction of the shoulder. (*injury to this muscle is common in baseball pitchers)

Question 15

Name the rotator cuff muscles and the nerve that innervates each.

Answer 15

1. Supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve)
2. Infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve)
3. Teres Minor (axillary nerve)
4. Subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves)
   * remember “SITS”
   * *all the nerves that innervate the rotator cuff muscles come from the brachial plexus

Question 16

What is the primary shoulder aBductor up to 90 degrees?

Answer 16

The deltoid.

Question 17

Lateral epicondylitis is also called _______. Medial epicondylitis is also called _______.

Answer 17

Lateral epiconylitis—> “tennis elbow”

Medial epicondyltis—> “golfer’s elbow”

Question 18

How many cervical vertebrae are there? Thoracic? Lumbar? Sacral?

Answer 18

Cervical- 8
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5

Question 19

The long thoracic nerve comes off which spinal roots? What does it innervate? Injury to this nerve results in what?

Answer 19

C5, C6, C7. Innervates the serratus anterior. Injury—> winging of the scapula.