MSK - Elbow Joint and Wrist Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in MSK - Elbow Joint and Wrist Deck (37)
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1
Q

What are the three major ligaments associated with the elbow joint?

Describe their origins and insertions.

What are their functions?

A

Radial collateral ligament - fan like, attaches between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and annular ligament of the radius below. It keeps the head of the radius and capitulum in close association.

Ulnar collateral ligament - triangular, attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the Coronoid process and olecranon of the ulnar. It consists of three bands, the strong anterior band, fan like weak posterior band and slender oblique band which deepens the socket for the trochlear of the humerus

Annular ligament - surrounds the lower part of the head of the radius and maintains its contact with the radial notch of the ulnar

2
Q

What is the origin and insertion for the radial collateral ligament?

What is its function?

A

Fan like, attaches between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and annular ligament of the radius below.

It keeps the head of the radius and capitulum in close association.

3
Q

What is the origin and insertion for the ulnar collateral ligament?

What is its function?

A

Triangular, attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the Coronoid process and olecranon of the ulnar.

It consists of three bands, the strong anterior band, fan like weak posterior band and slender oblique band which deepens the socket for the trochlear of the humerus

4
Q

What is the origin and insertion for the annular ligament?

A

Surrounds the lower part of the head of the radius and maintains its contact with the radial notch of the ulnar

5
Q

What are the main flexors of the elbow?

What muscles produce extension of the elbow?

A

Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis

Triceps and anconeus

6
Q

Where does supination and pronation occur?

What muscles is supination produced by?

When do these muscles NOT act together?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

Supinator and biceps brachii

Always act together except when the elbow joint is fully extended

7
Q

In what joint does pronation occur?

What muscles produce pronation?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

Pronator quadrus and pronator teres

8
Q

What are the names of the two important bursae around the elbow joint?

Why can they become inflamed?

When is pain most severe?

A

Subcutaenous olecranon bursa - lies in the subcutaenous connective tissue overlying the olecranon. Inflammation - Repeated pressure and friction

Subtendious bursa - lies between the triceps tendon and the olecranon. Inflammation due to repeated flexion and extension in the elbow e.g. Assembly line workers.

During flexion of the forearm - pressure exerted on the inflamed subtendinous olecranon bursa by triceps tendon

9
Q

What may become inflamed during repeated pronation/supination movements?

A

A bursa between the biceps tendon and the radius

10
Q

What may dislocate when attempting to life a child or swing a child by the hands when the arm is fully abducted?

A

Dislocation of the radial head

11
Q

When can avulsion of the medial epicondyle occur?

How does it occur?

A

After a fall which causes severe abduction of the fully extended forearm.

Traction on the ulnar collateral ligaments pulls the medial epicondyle medially.

12
Q

What may cause a posterior dislocation?

A

A fall on the flexed elbow

13
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

What muscles are involved in moving it?

A

Pivot joint - in which the distal end of the radius moves around the distal end of the ulnar

Supinator and biceps brachii

14
Q

What does the interosessous membrane do?

Where is it attached?

A

Form a fibrous joint between the radius and ulnar

From the radius proximally to the ulnar distally

The membrane keeps the bones in close apposition during the movements of supination and pronation and prevents proximal displacement of the radius if a force is applied to the outstretched hand

15
Q

What type of joint is the wrist/radiocarpal joint?

Where is it formed between?

What ligaments stabilise it?

A

Condyloid type of synovial joint

Between the distal end of the radius and the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

16
Q

What are the three articulation of the elbow joint?

Where do they attach?

What type of joints are they? and what are they surrounded by?

A

Humeroulnar joint - between the trochlea of humerus and the trochlear notch of ulna

Humeroradial joint - between the capitulum of the humerus and the radial head

Proximal radioulnar joint - between the edge of the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulnar

Synovial joints - surrounded by a capsule that attaches near the margins of the articular surfaces

17
Q

What lines the fibrous capsule and humerus?

A

Synovial membrane

18
Q

What nerves are at the elbow?

A

Radial - passes anterior to lateral epicondyle

Ulnar - posterior to medial epicondyle

19
Q

What are the names of the two bursae that give rise to problems?

A

Subtendinous olecranon bursa

Subcutaneous olecranon bursa

20
Q

What is the neurovascular supply to the elbow?

A

Arterial anastomoses formed by collateral arteries and recurrent branches of ulnar, radial and interosseus arteries

21
Q

What is the second most common joint in the body to be dislocated?

What tends to be the direction of dislocation?

What are the concerns of this dislocation?

A

Elbow - very stable joint, requires considerable force to dislocate

90% posterior

Brachial artery
Median and ulnar nerves

22
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

What bones does it include and which parts?

A

Pivot joint

Head of radius
Radial notch of ulnar

23
Q

Where is the annular ligament attached?

What is the name of the collar that surrounds the annular ligament?

A

Ulna anterior and posterior to its radial notch

Ligamentous collar

24
Q

What happens anatomically to pulled elbow?

A

Head of radius subluxates from from annular ligament

25
Q

Define dislocation

Define subluxation

A

Complete loss of contact of the joint surfaces

Partial dislocation of a joint, so that the bone ends are misaligned but still in contact

26
Q

What type of joint is the interosessous membrane?

What is the importance of the fibres running inferio-medially?

A

Fibrous

Allows distribution of force from radius to ulna - force can be spread between two bones

27
Q

What parts of bone are at the distal radioulnar joint?

What structure gives it joint integrity stability?

What allows twisting of the capsule?

A

Rounded head of ulna

Ulnar notch on medial border of radius

Articular disk - separates cavity of distal radioulnar joint from wrist cavity

Sacciform recess superior extension of synovial capsule

28
Q

What muscles are involved in movement of the radioulnar joint?

A

Supinator

Biceps brachii

Pronator quadrus and pronator teres

29
Q

What facilitates supination/pronation?

Bones?
Ligament?

A

Head of radius and capitulum

Annular ligament

Sacciform recesses - extensions of synovial membrane on neck of the radius and at distal radius and ulna

30
Q

What is the sacciform recesses?

Where are they found?

A

Extensions of synovial membrane

Neck of the radius and at distal radius and ulna (superiorly from Articular disk)

31
Q

What is the anatomical name of the wrist?

What bones are involved?

What are the ligaments?

What are the roles of each ligaments?

A

Radiocarpal joint

Distal radius
Carpus - proximal row of carpal bones (other than pisiform) I.e. Scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum

Radial collateral and ulna ligament
Palmar radiocarpal ligament- ensure hand follows radius during supination
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament - ensure hand follows radius during pronation

32
Q

What are the movements at the wrist?

What is abduction limited by?

A

Flexion/extension

Abduction(radial deviation)/adduction (ulnar deviation)

Radial styloid process

33
Q

How does a colles fracture differ from a smiths fracture?

What is the most common?

A

Both are fractures of distal radius

Colles - Posterior displacement of distal fragment of radius. Distal fracture displaced dorsally. Fall on outstretched hand.

Smith - anterior displacement of distal fragments. Distal fracture displaced ventrally. Falling on flexed wrist, tends to be direct trauma of forearm

Smiths fractures are less common

34
Q

How does fractures of the scaphoid occur?

If you suffer a scaphoid fracture what will be tender?

What artery is of importance?

Why may repair take several months?

A

Fall on outstretched hand.

Tenderness over anatomical snuffbox

Radial artery - wraps around scaphoid and goes back in to innervate it - avascular necrosis - possible sequela.

Blood supply to proximal part of scaphoid is poor.

35
Q

What ligaments stabilise the radiocarpal/wrist joint?

A

Collateral
Palmar
Dorsal ligaments

36
Q

What are the prime flexors of the wrist?

What are the prime moves for wrist extension?

A

Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

37
Q

Why may radial growth be impaired following a fracture of distal radius?

A

Fracture of distal radius may extend through the distal epiphyseal plate.

During healing there may be premature closure of the epiphyseal plate and radial growth may be impaired.