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MSK EXAM I > MSK Embryology > Flashcards

MSK Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the neural tube become

A

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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2
Q

when do the neuro pores of the neural tube close in development

A

cranial neuropore day 25 and caudal day 27

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3
Q

Where do Neural Crest Cells arise from

A

neuroectoderm as the neural tube is closing

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4
Q

What do the cranial neural crest cells become

A

bones, catilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face, neck

also sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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5
Q

What do the spinal neural crest cells become

A

DRG and autonomic ganglia, heart(fibrous skeleton)

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6
Q

what do both cranial and spinal nerual crest cells become

A

meninges, schwann cells and melanocytes

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7
Q

How many regions form from neural tube and how does this happen?

A

3 different regions because of neuron migration from neuroepithelium

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of neural tube

A

Ventricular
Mantle
Marginal

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9
Q

Describe the differences in and embryo and adult in regards to the ventricular zone

A

embryo- thick pseudo stratified epithelium called neuroepithelium and gives rise to nerons and most glia of spinal cord
adult- single layer of ependymal cells

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10
Q

Describe the Mantle zone

A

superficial to neuroepithelium
composed of neuroblasts(primitive neurons)
alar and basal plactes separated by sulcus limitans

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11
Q

What will the alar plate form and what will the basal plate form (of Mantle zone)

A

alar- sensory dorsal horn

basal- motor ventral horn

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12
Q

Describe Marginal zone

A

outermost layer of spinal cord, composed of nerve processes, axons and dendrites

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13
Q

What makes up a spinal n

A

a ventral nerve root and an dorsal nerve root

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14
Q

Where are DRG derived from

A

spinal neural crest

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15
Q

Where are neuroblasts derived from and what are they

A

derived from neuroepithelium and form the ventral motor horn neurons and dorsal sensory horn neurons

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16
Q

Where are gliablasts derived and what do they form

A

derived from neuroepithelium

and form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Describe the position of spinal cord to vertebrae at 3 months of development, at birth and in and adult

A

3rd month- spinal cord extends entire length of vertebral column
birth- spinal cord ends LV4-LV5
adult- spinal cord ends LV1-LV2

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18
Q

What is neuronal pathfinding

A

active movement of the actual axon to the target organ based on signals release from somatic mesoderm

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19
Q

When do the dorsal and ventral rami form

A

when somite splits

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20
Q

What is the epimere and the hypomere

A

splits of the somite. epimere is the dorsal ramus and hypomere is the ventral ramus

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21
Q

When does motor and sensory innervation get established in development

A

when spinal nerve innervates somite. have a myotome and dermatome

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22
Q

What is the difference between myotome and dermatome

A

myotome is all the skel m innervated by one spinal n while dermatome is all the skin innervated by one spinal n

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23
Q

What is the most common form of spin Bifida

A

spina bifida occulta when the vertebral arches of spinal cord fail to fuse typically not involving meninges or nervouse tissue

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24
Q

Types of spin Bifida cystics

A

meningocele- involves meninges

meningomyelocyte- involves meninges and spinal cord

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25
What is Spina bifid a myeloschisis
most severe. neural plate fails to elevate and fold- cord reamins open and represented as a flattened mass of nervous tissue
26
What are the different fates of somites
Sclerotome- axial skeleton dermatome- dermis myotome- skel m
27
What happens at week 4 in vertebral column development
sclerotome shifts to surround spinal cord and notochord
28
What is the process called when verrtebral bodies form
resegmentation
29
Describe general resegmentation
caudal portion of each sclerotome condenses and then is split. caudal part fuses with cranial part below
30
What sclerotome is CV1 made from
caudal half of first sclerotome and cranial half of CV2 sclerotome
31
What makes up the intervertebral discs
annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
32
What components make the annulus fibrosis
from mesenchymal cells which remain between the cranial and caudal portions of original sclerotome
33
Where do ribs originate from
paraxial mesoderm, sclerotome
34
Where does the sternum originate from
lateral plate mesoderm and somatic layer
35
What forms the sternal bars
ventral somatic mesoderm forms pairs of vertevral bands
36
What is congenital scoliosis
asymmetric fusion of vertebrae | half of vertebrae does not form
37
Klippel-feil syndrome
fused cervical vertebrae, lack resegmentation during development short neck. genetic maybe
38
Pectus excavatum
anterior thoracic wall caves inward due to malformation of sternum and ribs
39
Pectus carinatum
anterior thoracic wall protrudes outward due to malformation of sternum and ribs
40
Where does skel mm arise from
paraxial mesoderm (somites)
41
Where does smooth m arise from
splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
42
where does cardiac m arise from
specialized region of the splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
43
Describe skel m formation
``` mytome splits into dorsal and ventral portions epimere(dorsal) gives rise to intrinsic back mm ventral part (hypomere) forms anterior and lateral neck musculature, trunk mm and limbs ```
44
What mm utilize tangential splitting of myotomes
abdominal obliques and intercostal musculature
45
what mm derive from myotomes splitting longitudinally
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
46
what lineage do myoblasts arise from
mesoderm cells
47
what forms the muscle fiber
when myoblasts elongate and fuse to form myotubes and then contractile elements appear in cytoplasm of myotube
48
Poland Syndrome
absent of underdeveloped pectorals, usually unilateral seen with syndactyly of the fingers cause unknown
49
What lineage do the skeletal and cT parts of limbs come from
lateral plate mesoderm
50
When do limb buds form and where
Upper day 26 or 27 form opposite lower cervical and upper thoracic segments Lower day 27 or 28 from opposite lumbar and upper sacral segments
51
What is the apical ectodermal ridge
ectodermal thickening at the apex of the limb buds
52
What is the role of the AER
induces continued proliferation of distal limb bud mesenchyme
53
Proximal mesenchymal cells on a limb bud differentiate into what?
chondroblasts (cartilage cells)
54
What happens to the limb buds at week 5
distal ends flatten to paddle like hand and footplates, separated by circular constriction
55
When do the digital rays forma nd how?
4 zones of apoptosis separate hnad and footplates. week 6 for upper limb week 7 for lower limb
56
Describe the proximal distal limb axis
shoulder- fingertips
57
describe the anterior-posterior limb axis
thumb(anterior)- little finger(posterior)
58
describe the dorsal ventral limb axis
back of hand (dorsal) to palm (ventral)
59
what substrate determines the anterior posterior limb axis
RETINOIC ACID
60
what bones begin ossification after birth
carpals, tarsals, patella
61
When do secondary ossification centers form
mostly after birth
62
What forms from areas where mesnchyme is less dense (inter zones)
joints
63
Initially when myoblasts enter limb bud at week 5 are the one muscle mass or flexor/extensor
1 muscle mass. later splits into ventral and dorsal compartments
64
When the upper and lower limbs originally form what direction are they in
laterally and caudally with thumb and great toe pointing laterally
65
What happens to limb position at week 6
limbs rotate about 90 degrees and bend to a more ventral position with flexor surface now directed medially
66
What happens to limb position in week 7
both limbs rotate but in opposite directions | upper limb laterally and lower medially (180 degrees total)
67
why do dermatomes spiral around the limbs
because of limb rotation
68
How do motor n get into limb buds
grow into limb after its formed with myotomal mesoderm. upper spinal nerves more proximally and lower spinal nerves distally induces differentiation of myotome mesoderm into myoblasts
69
Amelia
absence of limb due to suppression of limb bud during development WEEK 4
70
Meromelia
absence of part of a limb | arrest of limb bud development during weeks 5-7 of development
71
Phacomelia
type of meromeilia involving absence of long bones
72
brachydactyly
shortness of digits
73
syndactyly
fusion of 2+ digits most common hand/foot anomaly insufficient apoptosis
74
polydactyly
extra fingers or toes
75
Ectrodactyly
absence of digit
76
Cleft hand or foot
absence of thir metacarpal or metatarsal and 3rd digit | fusion of thumb and second digit, fusion of 4th and 5th digit
77
Congenital clubfoot
abnormal position because foot is inverted, adducted in plantar flexion. caused by oligohydramnios
78
amniotic bands
parts of amnion membrane free flowing and entrap portions of fetus cutting of circulation
79
Congenital hip dislocation
underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur, laxity of joint capsule.occurs before birth common in breech deliveries

MSK EXAM I (9 decks)

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