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MSK_Y1_MT1 > MSK_MT1_TBL5 (Vertebral Column, Ligaments& Joints) > Flashcards

MSK_MT1_TBL5 (Vertebral Column, Ligaments& Joints) Flashcards

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1
Q

Vertebral column

A

Central, longitudinal bony pillar of the body.

  • SUPPORTS the:
    1. skull
    2. pectoral girdle
    3. upper limbs
    4. thoracic cage
  • Protects the spinal chord
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2
Q

pelvic girdle

A

transmits body weight → lower limbs

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3
Q

33 vertebrae of the Vetebral Column

A

Cervical : C1 - C7

Thoracic: T1 - T12

Lumbar: L1 - L5

Saccral: S1 - S5 (fused to form the sacrum)

Coccygeal: Cx1 - Cx4 (lower 3 commonly fused)

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4
Q

typical vertebra is made of … (2)

A
  1. A rounded body anteriorly
  2. Vertebral arch posteriorly
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5
Q

vertebral arch consists of

A
  1. pair of pedicles: sides of the arch
  2. pair of flattened laminae: complete the arch posteriorly.
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6
Q

vertebral foramen

A

space enclosed by vertebral arch + vertebral body

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7
Q

What are the 7 structures that the vertebral arch gives rise to?

A

1x spinous process

2x transverse proccess

2x superior articular process

2x inferior articular process

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

spinous & transverse processes serve as

A

LEVERS: attachments of muscles* and *ligaments

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10
Q

articular processes

A
  • vertically arranged (2x Superior + 2x Inferior)
  • facets are covered with HYALINE cartilage
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11
Q

zygapophyseal joints

A

each vertebra = total of four synovial joints

  • The TWO superior articular of bottom vertebra

+ TWO inferior articular of the top vertabra

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12
Q

superior & inferior vertebral notches

A
  • the notches of the pedicles
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13
Q

intervertebral foramen

A
  • the SPACE BETWEEN one superior notch of one vertebra + inferior notch of another vertebra
  • spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through the foramen
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14
Q

Atypical Vertebrae – Atlas (C1)

A

NO vertebral body OR spinous process

  • anterior and posterior arches: a lateral mass on both sides of the articular surface
    • posterior arch : vertebral artery passes ONLY
  • atlanto-occipital joints: anterior C1 surface + occipital condyles skull
  • atlantoaxial joints: inferior C1 surface + C2
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15
Q

transverse foramina

A

passages for the vertebral artery and vein

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16
Q

Atypical Vertebrae – Axis (C2)

A

has a tooth-like odontoid process (dens) that projects upward (into C1) from the superior surface of the body.

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17
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

A

(C7) = vertebra prominens = it has the longest spinous process.

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18
Q

T2-T8

A

superior costal facet

inferior costal facet

tranverse costal facet

  • sites where the ribs articulate with the body
    • demifacets: 1 rib = 2 thoracic vertebrae
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19
Q

T1

A

full costal facet (NOT a superior demifacet like the others)

  • to connect it to C7
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20
Q

T11 and T12

A

each have full costal facets on the pedicles

ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with one vertebra.

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21
Q

Mamillary Process

A

located ONLY in Lumbar

site of muscle attachment

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22
Q

Lumbar Vertebral body

A

Massive; kidney shaped

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23
Q

Lumbar Vertebral foramen

A

Triangular

larger > thoracic vertebrae

smaller < cervical vertebrae

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24
Q

Lumbar Transverse processes

A

Long and slender

accessory process on posterior surface

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25
Lumbar Articular processes
* **Nearly** **vertical** facets * **superior** facets = **medially** * inferior facets = laterally * **mammillary** **process** on posterior surface
26
Lumbar Spinous processes
**Short** and sturdy; **thick**, broad, and **hatchet** **shaped**
27
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
28
sacrum
five fused vertebrae wedge-shaped concave anteriorly
29
Sacrum **Base** and **Apex**
**base** = articulates with the **fifth** **lumbar** vertebra **apex** = articulates with the **coccyx**
30
**sacroiliac** joints
**sacrum** articulates with the **two iliac bones**
31
sacral **promontory**
first sacral vertebra bulges forward into the pelvic inlet in **females,** **obstetric importance** =measuring the **size** of the **pelvis**.
32
cauda equina
anterior and posterior **roots** of the **sacral** and **coccygeal** **nerves**
33
**sacralization** of the **L5** vertebra
**fifth lumba**r vertebra **incorporated** into the **sacrum region** = painfull **friction against** the **illiac** crest (**Bertolotti's** syndrome)
34
anterior and posterior **sacral** **foramina**
**passage** of the anterior and posterior **rami** of the **upper four sacral** nerves.
35
**Lumbarization** of the **S1** vertebra
36
coccyx
**four** vertebrae **fused** together to form a triangular bone "**tail bone**"
37
primary curvatures
1. thoracic 2. sacrococcygeal **retain** their initial *_prenatal_* **anterio**r **concavities**
38
secondary curvatures
1. cervical 2. lumbar curves **form postnatally** **posterior** **concavities**
39
fetal vertebral column
**"fetal position"** = **one** continuous **anterior** **concavity**
40
lumbar curve
cervical and lumbar curves = **anterior** **concave** b/c of pregnancy, lumbar curve is **more pronounced in adult females**
41
Normal Terminology of Lordosis/Kyphosis
* Cervical lordosis * Thoracic kyphosis * Lumbar lordosis * Sacral kyphosis
42
senile kyphosis
Associated with Age * **osteoporosis** OR **degeneration** of the intervertebral **discs** * OR notable **weakening** of the intrinsic **back** **muscles** = kyphosis.
43
Adolescent kyphosis
In adolescents with poor muscle, long hours of study at low desk = less severe, g**ently curved upper thoracic** region.
44
Lumbar lordosis
caused by an increase in the **weight** of the abdominal contents, as with the gravid **uterus**. OR **postural** **compensation** for a thoracic kyphosis
45
**External Marker**s of the Vertebral _Column_ and _Sacrum_
1. **S2** = back **dimples** 2. **median sacral crest** = (inferior to L5) sacral **triangle** and intergluetal **cleft** 3. **sacral hiatus** = start of the intergluetal **cleft**
46
atlanto-occipital joints
Vertebra **C1** (the atlas) + base of the **skull**
47
atlantoaxial joints
Vertebra **C1** (the atlas) + vertebra **C2** (the axis)
48
**condyles** of the skull
where the atlanto-occipital **synovial** **joints** formed in the base of skull
49
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
_Ligament_ connects the **anterior** **arch** of the **atlas**→ **skull**.
50
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
_Ligament_ connects the **posterior** **arch** of the **atlas**→ **skull**.
51
Median atlantoaxial joint
between odontoid/**dens** of C2 + **anterior** **arch** of the C1 (2x lateral atlantoaxial joints + 1 Median atlantoaxial joint)
52
Apical ligament
connects the **apex** of the **odontoid**→ **skull** Connecting the axis to the base of the cranium are the apical ligament of dens
53
Alar ligaments
lie on each side of the apical ligament and connect the odontoid process to the occipital condyles
54
Scoliosis
a **lateral deviation** : commonly found in the **thoracic** region. **malrotation** strong association with the adolescent growth spurt.
55
Adam’s Forward Bend Test
**Test** for _Scoliosis_ at the **rotational component** observing the patient from the back while he or she bends forward
56
Jefferson’s fracture
* ring of the **atlas** to be **disrupted = l**ateral masses to be **displaced** **laterally** * caused by **excessive** vertical **force** applied from **above** * **ex) diving**
57
Nontraumatic compression fractures
1. osteoporosis 2. tuberculous spondylitis 3. Pott’s disease DISEASED vertebral body may break down and **collapse under the weight of the upper body**
58
Hangman’s Fracture
* **Fractures** of the odontoid process (**Dens**) = result from **falls** or **blows** on the **head** * _rupture_ of the **transverse** **ligament** = spinal injury * ex) car crash = caused by overextension of neck (whiplash)
59
“Teardrop” Fracture
**abrupt** neck **extension** causes the **anterior** longitudinal **ligament _to tear_** = a **triangular**-**shaped** fragment (tear drop)
60
Spondylolysis
* bilateral defect (fracture or separation) in posterior arch of the spine * between pars interarticularis between the zygapophyseal (facet) joints * **L5/L4** * a **fatigue** fracture due to **acute** **overload** * ​present in **athletes**
61
spondylolisthesis
body of a lower vertebra (**usually L5) slips forward to compensate** for the break of spondolysis

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