MT#1

Question 1

What do anthropologists study? (4 kinds)

Answer 1

1) Physical (biological remains)
2) Archeology (material remains)
3) Linguistic (language)
4. Cultural (ethnography)

Question 2

What are anthropology’s guiding principles? (4)

Answer 2

1) Holism (big picture, looking at all parts of society)
2) Comparative perspective (cross-species comparisons with other non-human primates -understand what makes humans unique)
3) Cultural relavatism (evaluating the practices and beliefs by the values and standards of that society)
4) Emic (insider) and etic (outsider) perspectives

Question 3

Difference between sex and gender

Answer 3

Sex - physical traits that define males and females (including chromosomes, hormones and physical appearance), born with it

Gender - culturally defined ways that the two sexes are perceived, evaluated and expected to behave, cultural construction of roles and identities

Question 4

How do anthropologists study sex and gender (4 ways)

Answer 4

1) Paleoanthropology (skeletal remains, dentition and bone chemistry
2) Archeology
3) Primatology (trace evolutionary origins of human traits, hormone and chemical analysis)
4) Cultural anthropology (cross-cultural comparison, ethnographic fieldwork)

Question 5

Limitations (2) of paleoanthropology

Answer 5

1) Early hominid record is sparse

2) Sex is easier to see in fossil records than gender

Question 6

Limitation of archeology

Answer 6

Can only study what remains

Question 7

Limitation of primatology

Answer 7

Humans an non-human primates diverged and evolved separately millions of years ago

Question 8

Limitation of cultural anthropology

Answer 8

Modern foragers have been evolving and adapting, so may not exhibit behaviours of early foragers

Question 9

Two ways that secondary sexual characteristics develop

Answer 9

1) Male-male competition (weapons, size, territory)

2) Female choice (prefer certain traits)

Question 10

What are female’s and male’s strategies for reproductions?

Answer 10

Men - sleep with as many women as possible (quantity)
[competition between men for access to females]

Women - be choosy with who they sleep with (quality)
[limited by the number of offspring they can rear, need a partner who will help them out]

Question 11

What does Parental Investment Theory claim?

Answer 11

The sex making the largest investment in offspring (e.g. pregnancy, lactation, protection) will be more discriminating in mating. The mate that invests less in offspring will compete for access to the higher investing sex.

Question 12

Under what conditions (2) are neglect and infanticide possibly survival strategies?

Answer 12

High fertility and high infant mortality

Question 13

In primates, paternal infant care behaviour is present when (3):

Answer 13

1) There is a long-standing familiarity with the offspring
2) The nearby infant is urgently in need of rescue
3) The male has a relationship with the mother

Question 14

What levels of hormones (2) are correlated with infant care behaviours in fathers?

Answer 14

Higher prolactin

Lower testosterone

Question 15

Aggression is linked to what hormone?

Answer 15

Testosterone

Question 16

How much testosterone leads to “normal” aggression?

Answer 16

20% of normal testosterone to twice the normal amount

Question 17

Differences in how men and women express aggression?

Answer 17

Men - direct (e.g. fighting)

Women - indirect (e.g. gossip)

Question 18

Difference in how girls and boys explain poor math ability?

Answer 18

Girls - internal (e.g. ability/intelligence)

Boys - external (e.g. unfair test)

Question 19

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 19

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual’s racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group by performing poorly

Question 20

How do men and women differ in their navigation strategies?

Answer 20

Women - landmarks

Men - geometry

Question 21

Do women talk more than men?

Answer 21

No

Women talk more often (less words) vs men talk less often (more words)

i.e. women = high frequency, low volume; men = low frequency, high volume

Question 22

3 mechanisms that promote sharing an egalitarianism in the AKA people:

Answer 22

1) Prestige avoidance (avoid drawing attention to themselves - prevent feelings of superiority)
2) Rough joking (keeps people modest about their abilities)
3) Demand sharing (asking for things when they want it)

Question 23

What is physics envy?

Answer 23

When scientists believe their field is not rigorous enough

Question 24

What are the three main components of Andalusian Machismo?

Answer 24

1) Virility (sexual assertiveness)
2) Valor (courage and bravery, duty and obligation, works hard)
3) Virtue (enthusiasm in public dealings, generosity, honesty, paying debts)

Question 25

What is flojo?

Answer 25

Means to be inadequate/broken/flaccid (deficiently masculine)

Question 26

What is a piropo?

Answer 26

A compliment or offering given by a man to a passing woman in public

Question 27

What is personhood?

Answer 27

The beliefs and practices surrounding what it is to be a person

Question 28

Attributes of personhood? (5)

Answer 28

- gender - age - status in family - status in community - physical appearance

Question 29

3 stages in rites of passages?

Answer 29

1) Separation 2) Liminality/Initiation 3) Return/reincorporation

Question 30

What does the separation phase of a rite of passage involve?

Answer 30

Removal from the ordinary world (especially the world of women for boys), seclusion

Question 31

What does the liminality phase of a rite of passage involve?

Answer 31

Emotional and physical pain, repeated purifications, public displays, period of instruction by a member

Question 32

What does the reincorporation phase of a rite of passage involve?

Answer 32

Resurrection or rebirth symbolism

Question 33

Main difference between manhood and womanhood rituals?

Answer 33

``` Manhood = achieved status Womanhood = ascribed status ```

Question 34

What do womanhood rituals typically coincide with?

Answer 34

First menstruation