mt #2

Question 1

radiative forcing

Answer 1

measurement of the capacity of gas or other forcing agents to affect the energy balance

Question 2

positive values of radiative forcing

Answer 2

results in the heating of the surface

Question 3

negative values of radiative forcing

Answer 3

results in the cooling of the surface

Question 4

decrease in stratospheric ozone is an example of an

Answer 4

anthropogenic forcing

Question 5

aerosols

Answer 5

microscopic or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere (size from about 0.01 to 10 micrometers) (e.g. dust, smoke, salt)

Question 6

direct effect of aerosols

Answer 6

• reflect shortwave radiation
• absorb shortwave radiation
• absorb longwave radiation
  NET cooling effect

Question 7

indirect effects of aerosols

Answer 7

• decrease in droplet size, brighter cloud

- reduced cloud droplet sizes, decrease in precipitation, longer lasting, thicker cloud

Question 8

Natural Sources of Aerosols

Answer 8

land (dust), Ocean (salt), Volcanic eruptions (smoke)

Question 9

Anthropogenic sources of Aerosols

Answer 9

factories, cars, power plants, deforestation

Question 10

3 types of aerosols

Answer 10

• sulfate
• black carbon
• organic carbon

Question 11

Sulfate Aerosols

Answer 11

• cooling, negative radiative forcing effect
• natural source: volcanoes
• Anthro source: burning of fossil fuels
• 90% is anthropogenic
• reflect solar radiation

Question 12

Black Carbon Aerosols

Answer 12

• warming effect
• natural source: biomass burning (forest fires)
• anthropogenic sources: incomplete combustion from coal diesel engines, biomass burning (deforestation)
• elemental carbon/soot
• absorbs solar radiation, low albedo

Question 13

Organic carbon

Answer 13

• cooling effect
• natural source: biomass burning
• anthropogenic source: fossil fuel burning, deforestation

Question 14

climate model

Answer 14

a mathematical representation of the physical processes that control climate

Question 15

factors effecting emissions

Answer 15

• global population
• energy generation
• economic growth
• type of economy
• cooperation among countries

Question 16

RCP

Answer 16

representative concentration pathways

Question 17

mitigation scenario

Answer 17

RCP 2.6: low forcing level. radiative forcing peaks and declines by 2100

Question 18

stabilization scenarios

Answer 18

RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0: for RCP 4.5, radiative forcing stabilizes by 2100
for RCP6, radiate forcing does not peak by 2100

Question 19

High GHG emissions scenarios

Answer 19

RCP8.5: Radiative forcing does not peak by 2100

Question 20

Climate models, use past or present do test?

Answer 20

past

Question 21

Does land or sea surface temperature increase more? why?

Answer 21

Land because water reflects more solar radiation, while land retains more heat.

Question 22

Climate changes in Cali

Answer 22

• Coastal Danger
• bad air days
• droughts and wildfires
• spreading diseases
• loss of native fish

Question 23

Negative of groundwater pumping

Answer 23

is we pull out the water, this would cause the land to sink

Question 24

atmospheric rivers

Answer 24

narrow jets of very humid air that normally originate in the warm subtropical Pacific Ocean

Question 25

valley fever

Answer 25

fatal disease caused by inhaling microscopic spores of soil dwelling fungus

Question 26

3 step framework for climate change solutions

Answer 26

reduce emission sources, support ghgs sinks, improve society

Question 27

one time actions

Answer 27

buying an energy efficient car | changing to led lights

Question 28

behavioral changes

Answer 28

recycling, take shorter showers, taking public transit instead of a car

Question 29

baseline

Answer 29

amount of energy intended to satisfy an avg customer's electricity needs in a given area

Question 30

food miles

Answer 30

number of miles (km) that food is transported from origin to your mouth

Question 31

food energy efficiency

Answer 31

inputfossilenergy/calories

Question 32

four methods for CO2 storage

Answer 32

- diversion into industrial processes - conversion to mineral carbonates - pumping into deep ocean - (BEST) burial in deep geological formations

Question 33

negatives to deep ocean CO2 storage

Answer 33

- interfere with aerobic respiration - may prove toxic to certain organisms - dissolution into carbonate and bicorbnate forms would acidify seawater

Question 34

where to do co2 burial in geological formations

Answer 34

- depleted or natural gas fields - deep coal seams - saline formation - cons: costly

Question 35

mitigation

Answer 35

action taken to halt or decrease environmental impact of a particular action

Question 36

adaptation

Answer 36

a change of the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to the environment