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312 > MT1 > Flashcards

MT1 Flashcards

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1
Q

motor skill

A

something you gain, and has a specific action goal

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2
Q

motor ability

A

innate

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3
Q

motor learning

A

juggling: the practice of acquisition of the skill

pattern change, relatively permanent

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4
Q

four parts of motor learning

A

physical practice, relatively permanent, inferred, see change

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5
Q

motor control

A

initiation of and control skilled movement

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6
Q

motor development

A

acquire the movement through growth and maturation

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7
Q

motor behavior

A

umbrella term: how you perform skill

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8
Q

factors that influence motor skill learning

A

person, skill, environment

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9
Q

SRT

A

onset of stimulus to initiation of response

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10
Q

MT

A

initiation and completion of response

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11
Q

TT

A

RT+MT

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12
Q

hicks law

A

CRT: more stimulus response pairs logarithmically increases RT by ~150ms

up to 10 response pairs (fingers)

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13
Q

gross classification

A

large muscles, no precision

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14
Q

fine classification

A

small, precise, hand eye coordination

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15
Q

discrete classification

A

clearly defined start and stop: first/one free throw

NOT ENVIRONMENT

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16
Q

continuous classification

A

no clear start or stop, but person’s choice to start/stop: not environment

ex: downhill skiing, running, surfing

NOT ENVIRONMENT

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17
Q

serial classification

A

discrete skill with continuous nature: series of discrete skills:

tumbling pass, pickleball game

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18
Q

open classification

A

athlete is forced to respond, changing environment

shot on goal in soccer game

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19
Q

closed classification

A

predictable and stable environment

first free throw

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20
Q

Gentile’s 2x2

A

just environment: stationary/in motion, and intertribal variability

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21
Q

stationary vs in motion

A

S: baseball off tee (closed skill), M: baseball off pitch (open skill)

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22
Q

intertrial variability

A

none: athlete is trying to do the same thing every time, ex: free throw

yes: volleyball rally

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23
Q

stationary, no IV

A

basketball free throw

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24
Q

stationary, yes IV

A

round of golf: predictable but environmental change

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25
in motion, no IV
hitting baseballs from pitching machine
26
in motion, yes IV
basketball jump shot, hitting baseball off pitch in game
27
gentiles 4x4
stationary/in motion, intertrial variability, body transport (physiological engagement), object manipulation
28
history of motor program
Bartlett was first for schemas, but Schmidt was better with Schmidt Schema Theory
29
Schmidts schema theory three concepts
GMP, motor response schema, recognition schema
30
GMP
governing class of actions, basic coordination pattern keep in memory, can be called up and run off to perform skill
31
class of actions
closely related movements, same GMP ex: running pattern
32
invariant features
characteristics of a skill that are the same every time
33
three classes of invariant features
1. sequence of movement 2. relative time 3. relative force
34
parameters
make up schemas, variable and must be programmed using motor response schema
35
examples of parameters
absolute force, absolute timing, aim, spin, limb selection
36
motor response schema
rule on what you need to do for every trial based on assessment of initial conditions golfer being put on a new green
37
recognition schema
relates sensory consequences to movement outcome how the motion felt and how we set next parameter setting
38
short term memory after trial
briefly store initial conditions, parameters, movement outcomes, sensory consequences to become better and more consistent (GMP) in future
39
action plan
chosen GMP based on parameter settings, and initial conditions
40
dynamic systems theory (3)
1. direct interaction with environment 2. limb dynamics 3. older established motor patterns
41
direct interactions with environment
visual interactions from visual system, no storing patterns in memory
42
limb dynamics
multi limb coordination, corpus callosum why you get EMG activity on both limbs
43
older established motor patterns
how you run/walk/bike is a part of your body steady state towards stability
44
attractor wells
energy efficient, established in body with practice, environmental demands functionally specific and stable
45
phase transitions
moving from one attractor well to another
46
self organizing movement
spontaneous self organization molded by environment, attractor wells, and action plan
47
coordinative structures
muscles, neurons, tissues that help you perform motor skill
48
order parameters
functionally specific variables that create coordination pattern from environment and our stable landscape
49
control parameters
speed, force, tempo, freely changing variables variables that control flow
50
tau def
time to contact
51
tau example
birds knowing when they need to pull in wings based on retinal image knowing how much time they have to dive
52
looming effect
the normal person way of thinking about tau we know something is coming, we need to know when
53
motor skill aquisition
relatively permanent and be result of physical practice
54
performance (4)
observable, temporary, may be due to practice, influenced by performance variables
55
learning (4)
inferred by performance, relatively performance, due to practice, not influenced by performance variables
56
learning curves
slope is reflective of how learning occurs
57
characteristics of skill learning
improvement, consistency, stability, persistence, adaptability
58
retention test
testing permanence, tested in the same context they were learned
59
transfer test
adaptability, tested in a novel context
60
fits and posners model
cognitive -> associative -> autonomous
61
cognitive stage of learning
lacking a solid motor pattern, large errors, can't identify/correct errors
62
associative stage of learning
basic motor pattern, decreasing error, free up attentional focus
63
autonomous stage of learning
pattern becomes autonomous, can self correct, specific attentional focus
64
gentiles model learning
initial stage, later stage
65
initial stage of learning
obtain general motor pattern, discern regulatory vs non-regulatory conditions
66
later stage of learning: open skills
diversify: modify motor pattern based on environment
67
later stage of learning: closed skill
fixation: perform pattern with correct consistency
68
outcome measure
show result of performance of motor skill number of baskets made, race time
69
production measure
performance characteristic gymnastics scoring
70
error measures (3)
absolute error, constant error, variable error
71
absolute error
measure of accuracy |#-target|, sum, divide by n
72
constant error
error in a direction - target, sum, divide by n
73
variable error
standard deviation from target (#-mean)^2, sum, divide by n, square root
74
CE and VE relationship
inverse
75
EMG
electromyographic activity, muscle activation, pre-motor (action plan) to motor component
76
limb to limb diagrams
coordination of body segments and joints
77
kinetic measures
forces that cause, control, or prevent motion
78
kinematic measures
displacement, velocity, acceleration
79
degrees of freedom problem
the more body segments and structures involved in a movement, the more time it takes for nervous system to discern what joints/muscles/tissue recruitment to use
80
action preparation (3)
stimulus identification, response selection, response program
81
how can RT change? (3)
anticipation, adding choices, cueing
82
cost-benefit tradeoff
force/speed vs accuracy usually faster actions are less accurate - brain needs to discern what to do
83
biasing a motion
how Serena hits ball down the line 80% of the time, 20% of the time cross court
84
stimulus response compatibility
stimulus is comparable with same side limb = shorter RT
85
stroop effect
confusing the colors, precision takes deeper processing
86
expectancy effects
what we expect to do will influence our outcomes
87
halo effect
negative coaching will effect what we expect ourselves to do
88
pre performance routines
good because they are self paced, safe and evaluating environment, bringing up correct GMP
89
quiet eye
quieting the mind for a split second to give our system a second for correct interaction letting eyes rest on rim before shooting

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