MT1

Question 1

Nativism

Answer 1

The belief that abilities are innate and do not require experience to be acquired

Question 2

Preformation

Answer 2

An extreme/outdated form of nativism

Children are mini adults and mini versions of who they will become

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

(Rosseau and Locke)

The belief that abilities are acquired via experience

Question 4

Active vs Passive child

Answer 4

Passive: playing with toys and learning lessons, interacting with people around the, seeing how the people around act

active: choose what to pay attention to, choose who to do what with,

Ex: grit, there are things out of your control. You can have grit and still fail.

Question 5

Continuous vs. discontinuous

Answer 5

physical development example. Continuous is that they are growing constantly, but discontinuous is growth spurts. Stages vs. slow development (conservation example)

Continuous is more quantitative, discontinuous is more qualitative

Question 6

Factor vs. mechanism

Answer 6

Mechanism: A cognitive or biological process that results in change
Factor: Related to change in a way that moderates and impacts development but its casual/not the reason for the change

Question 7

Reliability (consistency)

Answer 7

Interrater: amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
Test-Retest: the degree of similarity of a participants performance on two or more occasions

Question 8

Validity (accuracy)

Answer 8

Internal: the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
External: the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research
Construct: the degree to which the variable is defined accurately and we can infer shit

Question 9

Correlation versus causation
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Experimental controls versus control group
Random selection versus random assignment

Answer 9

Just some terms to know

Question 10

Cross-sectional study
Longitudinal design
Microgenetic design

Answer 10

Cross-sectional study → participants of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
Longitudinal design → same participants are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time
Microgenetic design → same participants are studied repeatedly over a short period

Question 11

Between vs within subjects

Answer 11

Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design: different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface.
Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions (i.e., all the user interfaces).

Question 12

Frequency
Correlation
Causation

Answer 12

This should be easy

Question 13

Gametes

Meoisis

Answer 13

Gametes: productive cells (sperm and egg) meet → form a zygote
Meiosis - cell division that produces gametes

Question 14

Embryology

Answer 14

The study of prenatal development, starts at conception

Question 15

Germinal Phase

Answer 15

0-2 weeks
Zygote
Implantation / twins

Dizygotic, the cells split happens preconception day 0
monozygotic idential twins are between 1-15 days

twins get 2 sacs, chrionic and amniotic

Question 16

Embryonic Phase

Answer 16

3-8 weeks
Embryo
Organ development / hazards

Cephalocaudal development
sensitive period for teratogens (time when particular structure is most vulnerable)

Question 17

Teratogens (examples and what does degree of harm depend on)

Answer 17

Cigs (SIDS), booze (deformities), bud

Degree of harm depends on 
Dose size
Hereditary factors
Other influences (additional teratogens)
Age of fetus

Question 18

Fun facts about baby development

Answer 18

Fetus - development
9 weeks - size of grape
12 weeks - relying on placenta
20 weeks - mom can feel movement, know sex
24 weeks - cant breath on own, development very important
36 weeks - finalizing lungs, putting on fat
38 weeks - full term

Question 19

Babies learn shit in the womb

Answer 19

hearing: prefer mom’s voice and native tongue
taste: carrot juice bullshit
smell: amniotic fluid and show preferences

Question 20

genotype

Answer 20

genetic makeup

Question 21

phenotype

Answer 21

environment + genotype

Question 22

endophenotypes

Answer 22

intermediate phenotypes (brain and nervous systems) that do not involve overt behavior)

Question 23

Genotypes and their relationships

Answer 23

1. Parent genotype → child genotype
   Conception occurs when two gametes combine
   Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes
   46 total chromosomes in zygotes
   Karyotype
   Autosomes // sex chromosomes
2. Child genotype → child phenotype
   Not all genes are expressed
   Not all parts of your genotype become your phenotype
   External factors can affect the switching on and off of genes
   While most disorders are complex, some genetic abnormalities can be expressed with:
   Dominant allele (ex. Huntington’s Disease)
   Recessive allele (ex. Sickle cell anemia)
   Some genetic abnormalities are sex-linked (ex. hemophilia)
   Carried on x or y chromosomes
   Some abnormalities affect entire chromosomes (ex. Down syndrome)
   Extra chromosomes 21
3. Child environment → child phenotype
   It’s not just the genotype that affects the phenotype
   Children who are predisposed to be impulsive will exhibit more negative outcomes if raised in a hostile environment than a loving one
4. Child phenotype → child environment
   The active child : choose different experiences
   Evoke different responses from others
   Ex. how teachers react to others
5. Child environment → child genotype
   Epigenetics
   Genes can turn on and off (is expressed if it is free)
   Environment determining which genes are on and off
   Ex. Worker bees and queen bees
   All bees have genetic potential to be the queen bee, fed to be queen bee
   Identical twins can be dissimilar with different environments and experiences
   Ex.
   NN + SN - you can tell how a stressed mother affects the child
   Findings → if you had a stressed mom = preterm birth yourself, weighted less etc
   Methylation

Question 24

behavior genetics

Answer 24

study of how variation in phenotype results from the combination of genes and environment

Question 25

Heritability

Answer 25

Estimate of how much variance in a given trait within a specific population is attributable to genetic differences between individuals in that population
Not computed for individuals

Question 26

Steps in brain growth

Answer 26

Prenatal
1. Neurogenesis
Begins 42 days after conception (can be inhibited)
Birth of new neuronal cells
2. Neurons migrate
Migration outwards from the center of the brain towards the developing neocortex
Pre and postnatal
3. Myelination
Formation of the insulating myelin sheath around axons
4. Synaptogenesis
Neurons form synapses with other neurons
Post natal
5. Synaptic pruning - use or lose it
Does not want to expend energy on connections that are not relevant to our environment so they are cut
Process of synaptic pruning is nature but what gets cut off and what neurons die depends on nurture

Question 27

STUDY PAGE 10-14 TOMORROW MORNING

Answer 27

LEARN THE FOLLOWING too:
methylation
apoptosis
neuron

Question 28

Scientific Method

Answer 28

observation/theory, question, design, hypothesis, data collection/analysis, interpretation