MT2 Flashcards
(61 cards)
Reflected Self-appraisal
Define
Belief about what other think of us
Low accuracy
Situationism
Core belief
Social self changes depending on context
social acceptance
Sociometer Hypothesis
self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which we are included/favoured by others
Cultural differences in self-esteem
Differences in the emphasis on promoting self-esteem vs improving the self
Independent cultures more likely to seek out social interactions to boost self-esteem
- self-enhancement (+ve view)
- more sensitive to failure
Interdependent cultures more likely to seek out opportunity for self improvement
- self-effacement (-ve view)
3 motives of self-esteem
Self-enhancement
Self-affirmation
Self-verification
Self-enhancement
define, tendency, correlation
Desire to maintain/protect/improve +ve views of oneself
Better-than average effect: rate yourself higher in valued or amibiguous traits
High self-enhancement = better coping mechanisms (incl to feedback)
Self-affirmation
Effort to maintain self-worth when faced with negative feedback
Affirm oneself in a domain unrelated to the threatened domain
Self-verification
why
People strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about oneself
Provides sense of coherence, predictablility, and assessment of feedback
Self-regulatory Resource Model
Self-control susceptible to ego depletion => less psychic energy available to ward off urges (counteract with positive emotions and incentives)
self-discrepancy theory
Promotion vs Prevention focus
Promotion focus: bhvr directed toward attaining positive outcomes (based on ideal-self)
Prevention focus: bhvr directed toward avoiding negative outcomes (based on ought-self)
Self-discrepancy theory
Concept, types, discrepancies
Hold beliefs about the different versions of self
Who should you be vs who do you want to be
- Actual self: self-image
- Ideal self: hopes/wishes
- Ought self: duties/obligation
Ideal and ought selves become motivation and guide
Discrepencies between actual self and ideal self => dejection related emotion
Discrepencies between actual self and ought self => agitation related emotion
Self-regulation
2 dif levels of contruals
High-level contruals:
- focus on abstract, global, essential features
- emphasis on larger goals/values
Low-level Construals:
- focus on salient, incidental, concrete details
- emphasis on immediate gratification/reward
Automatic self-control strategy
Implementation Intentions
If-then plan
Smaller process goals to achieve larger outcome goal
Self-presentation
Presenting the person we would like to be perceived as (impression management)
Face: the public image of ourself that we want other to believe
Online: ppl tend to present themselves accurately in personality/attributes, except physical => self-verification motive
2 tendencies of impression management
Self-monitoring: tendency to adapt bhvr to fit current situation
Self-handicapping: tendency to engage in self-defeating bhvr as an excuse for not meeting excpectations (protect the self)
2 Manifestations of High Self-esteem
Secure:
- ↑explicit and implicit self-esteem
- stable, resiliant to threat
Defensive:
- ↑explicit and ↓ implicit self-esteem
- fragile, vulnerable to threat
- related to narcissism
List 4 primary ways to gain Self-Knowledge
- Introspection
- Self-observation of bhvr
- Social interaction
- Social comparison
Self-knowledge
Introspection
Internal reflection of self
Not always aware of our reasons; typically need a trigger (i.e. video) to for reflection
Bhvr often unrelated to personal standards (∴ looking in the mirror etc reminds us of our morals)
Self-awareness theory: evaluate oneself based on comparison to individual standards
self-knowledge
Self-observation of bhvr
How do our actions reflect our self
Self-perception theory: use bhvr to infer feeling when our attitudes are uncertain/ambiguous => either reflects true feelings (intrinsic) or situation (extrinsic)
self-knowledge
Social Interaction
3 ways
Different selves depending on social sitation
Self-monitoring: observe and adapt bhvr to situation
Looking-glass Theory: self-concept incorporates how others view us (reflected self-appraisal)
Michelangelo Phenomenon: feedback from other affects self concept
- +ve feedback: affirmation
- irrelevent feedback: fail to affirm
- -ve feedback: disaffirm
self-knowledge
Social Comparison
strategy
Used when no objective standard to measure against
most informative when group is similar to us
Attitude
DefinitionS and 3 components
An evaluation of a stimulus along a positive-negative dimension
Neuroscience POV: attitude activates areas of motor cortex that support specific action
3 components blend together to influence attitude:
1. Affect: emotional response
2. Cogntions: thots and beliefs
3. Bhvrs: BIS/BAS - actions + observable bhvr
Measurement of Attitude
Self-report, implicit, physiological
Self-report
- Accessibilitiy of attitude: how readily it comes to mind
- response latency: time it takes to evaluate stimulus (↓ time = ↑ strength of belief)
- Centrality of attitude to belief system
Implicit attitude measure: indirect measure of attitude, not including self-reports
- tap into nonconscious attitudes
- use when reason to believe person won’t self-report accuratley
Physiological Indicators:
-HR
- perspiration
- brain activity (-ve stimuli generate ↑ brain activity)
Result of introspecting about reasons for our attitudes
When we focus on the obvious info, we can undermine the real reason
Can mislead about our actual attitude and cause divide
