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PHAC3001 > MT3 > Flashcards

MT3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phytocannabinoids

A

derived from the Cannabis plant

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2
Q

Synthetocannabinoids

A

man made

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3
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

present naturally in the body (eg Anandamide)

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4
Q

toxic effects of soaps/detergents on cells

A

sodium and alkali kill many bacterias and viruses along with mechanical scrubbing

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5
Q

acids and alkalis toxic effect on microbes

A

prevent growth;

benzoic acid in food;

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6
Q

heavy metals - toxic effect on microbes

A

prevent growth

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7
Q

halogens - toxic effects on microbes

A

hypochlorous acid used in pools with chlorine

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8
Q

Alcohols - toxic effect on microbes

A

70% alcohol used in labs

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9
Q

Phenols - toxic effects on microbes

A

disrupts membranes;
Denature proteins;
inactivates enzymes;

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10
Q

oxidizing agents - toxic effect on microbes

A

disrupt disulphide bonds thus structure of membrane

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11
Q

alkylating agents - toxic effects on microbes

A

disrupts structure of proteins and nucleic acids

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12
Q

dyes - toxic effects on cells

A

some interfere with cell replication

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13
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

the fibrous scaffold in the wall of bacteria

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14
Q

Penicillin-binding protein (PBP)

A

the enzyme that helps to make the peptidoglycan scaffold

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15
Q

beta lactamase

A

an enzyme that causes resistance to antibiotics

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16
Q

porins

A

protein pores that pierce the membrane

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17
Q

pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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18
Q

nociception

A

the physiological processes in responses to a noxious stimulus

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19
Q

Allodynia

A

pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus

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20
Q

hyperalgesia

A

enhanced pain to a normally painful stimulus

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21
Q

morphine

A

10% of opium
high analgesia
addictive
most prominent in plant

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22
Q

codeine

A

0.3-2% of opium
less powerful analgesia than morphine
less addictive than morphine

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23
Q

Heroine

A

Highly potent analgesia but extremely addictive.

Passes through BBB faster than morphine.

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24
Q

opiate

A

drugs derived from opium

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25
opioid
agents with opiate-like actions
26
narcotic
Sleep inducing drugs producing dependence
27
naloxone
a non-specific opioid receptor antagonist.
28
therapeutic indication for opioids
- option for cancer pain - primary option for acute pain - unclear use for chronic pain (less efficacious, SEs) - requires continuous assessment
29
negative side effects of opioids
``` Severe constipation Somnolescence (sleepy) Cardioresp. depression Tolerance Dependence ```
30
tolerance
increased doses required to achieve therapeutic level | 203 weeks after frequent opioid use
31
treating tolerance
Rotation to another opioid RE-couple to a non-opioid adjunct. You should start low and go slow.
32
Physical dependence
Mild: lacrimation, sweating, yawning Severe: anorexia, cramps, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, irritability, tremor, HR/BP changes, chills, spasms, PAIN
33
psychological dependence
Compulsive drug-seeking behaviour. | Happens when drugs have mood-enhancing properties
34
treating dependence
stop drug intake naltrexone - miu antagonist methadone - miu agonist
35
methadone
miu-agonist for treating dependence. Good oral bioavailability Selective, long-lasting/slow withdrawal
36
addiction
state of physical and psychological dependence; preoccupation with acquiring and using drugs despite knowledge of adverse health effects. occurs to detriment of other activities.
37
paradoxical opioid-induced hyperalgesia
prolonged opioid use leads to increased pain. - sensitize peripheral nociceptors - sensitize dorsal horn neurons - altered descending control mechanisms Use glutamate antagonist because glutamate receptor involvement.
38
peripherally restricted opioids
- future of opioid analgesia - Target pain at source - Less nociceptor sensitization - Don't pass BBB --> less addictoin, CNS effects
39
how to improve opioid receptor levels
- inhibit B-arrestin activity - inhibit receptor degradation (protease inhibitors) - promote receptor recycling
40
people with arthritis experience
- reduction in quality of life - disability - loss of sleep/fatigue - depression - PAIN
41
eicosanoids
Include prostaglandins. Discovered via knowledge that semen's vasomotor activity. Uterine smooth muscle contracts/relaxes in its presence.
42
prostaglandins what is it? how is it made?
involved in causing inflammation and pain. | Produced by oxygenation of arachidonic acid in cell membranes via COX1 or COX2
43
Aspirin
- Classic NSAID - Derived from bark of willow trees - Inhibits COX1 and COX2 - Anti-platelet (clotting) - 500mg-4g/day
44
Other NSAIDs
Ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac - COX1/2 inhibitors - similar pharm to aspirin (analgesic, anti-inflam, but no anti-clotting) - Longer half-life; more potent
45
recommendations for CX2 NSAID use
- select patient at low risk for thrombotic events - prescribe lowest dose required to control symptoms - add 81mg aspirin + proton pump inhibitor with increased risk of thrombotic events
46
NSAID/opioid combos
- can't keep escalating NSAID doese - FDA requires synergy + better than placebo - Less likely opioid abuse - Ease of prescribing combo - effective analgesia and minimized SEs of each component
47
topical NSAIDs
- mostly used for arthritis pain - Minimized central SEs - Can produce irritation due to vehicle
48
advantages of smoked cannabis (3)
- pain relief - improve sleep - reduced anxiety
49
disadvantages of smoked cannabis (3)
- not appropriate for all patients - Psychotropic SEs - Smoking not safest mode of admin
50
TRPs
Transient receptors potential channels. - more than 30 different TRPs and 6 families - molecular sensors of taste, temp and pain - many have dual functions
51
Antibiotics
chemical agents produced by one organism that have some toxic or inhibitory effect on another organism or cell.
52
selective toxicity
Idea that you can use toxic drugs, which as long as they are more toxic to your target than to normal tissues, can be useful. 1. antimicrobial drugs 2. anticancer drugs
53
Bacterosidal ex. needed when?
druggs that kill bacteria when they are introduced. ex. penicillin required if the patient is immunosuppressed
54
bacteriostatic drugs ex.
inhibit growth of bacteria. Growth resumes when the drug was removed. ex. sulfonamides. Success depends on there being an effective immune response
55
what to do about beta lactamases?
1) use a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics (eg. Nafcillin) 2) Combine with a beta lactamase inhibitor (Eg. clavulanate)
56
benefits of newer generations of cephalosporins
1 - better activity against gram -ve 2 - better able to move into tissue spaces 3 - more resistant to B-lactamases
57
Advantages and disadvantages of using antimicrobial drugs in combinations
ADVANTAGES: - wider spectrum for mixed infections. - Reduced dose for individual agents. - Synergism between antibiotics. DISADVANTAGES - Increased possibility of adverse reactions. - Antagonism between antibiotics. - Greater risk of antibiotic resistance.
58
Example of an antagonistic antibiotic combination
Chloramphenicol + aminoglycoside
59
4 methods of antibiotic resistance
1) Decreased entry 2) Bypass pathway 3) Enzymatic degradation 4) Altered target gate
60
Sulfonamide resistance (3)
May be due to 1. Decreased permeability of cell membrane 2. Bacteria make a diff form of DHPS that binds sulphonamide poorly. 3. Increased production of PABA made by the bacteria.
61
Trimethoprim resistance (3)
May be due to: 1) Decrease perm of cell mem 2) Bacteria prod a form of DHFR that binds trimethoprim poorly 3) Bacteria prod more DHFR
62
Cancer definition
Loss in the normal control mechanisms that govern cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation
63
Principles of chemotherapy
- Agent must be tolerable to treatment can be completed - Administer max tolerable dose - Cyclic therapy with dose and regimen chose for max effectiveness - Combinations to increase efficacy - Surgery followed by chemo
64
Modes of interfering with TK signalling
- MOA against TK ligand - MOA against TKR - Small molecule inhibitors
65
primary resistance to drug
- drug is ineffective on first attempt | - most commonly related to impaired response to cell death signals in tumour cells
66
acquired resistance
- drug worked at first, then became ineffective | - related to adpatation and mutation of tumour cells

PHAC3001 (2 decks)

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