MTA T215B

Question 1

Define Anonymity

Answer 1

we might want some actions to be 🔴untraceable🔴 to us as specific.

Question 2

Define Control of personal data

Answer 2

✅ We want the 🟢right🟢 to control our personal data.

Question 3

Electronic Codebook (ECB):

Answer 3

✅independent encryption approach
📌each block is encrypted independently 🆓 of any other,
🔑The same key will be used for each block.

Question 4

🔴 Drawbacks of ECB:

Answer 4

• Two similar plaintext blocks ➡️ Similar ciphertext blocks. 📑📑
  Fixed ciphertext positions ➡️⚠️Vulnerability. 🔓
• Not practical for long repetitive stings of 1s and 0s . 🔁 ❌

Question 5

explain the term “Surveillance”

Answer 5

a purposeful , routine , systematic , and focused attention paid to personal detail, for the sake of control , entitlement , management , influence , or protection 🛡️.

Question 6

Mention two benefits that can be drawn from surveillance.

Answer 6

• 📊 Progress towards efficient administration ⚙️.
• 💰 Development of Western capitalism 💵 and the modern nation-state 🏛️.
• 🦾 Reduce labor intensity 💪, increase reliability ✅, and enhance work volume 📈.

Question 7

three features of surveillance

Answer 7

🔹 1️. Citizens Under Surveillance.
✅ Citizens in public spaces are monitored, reducing their “public privacy.”

🔹 2️. No Choice for Citizens.
✅ Citizens cannot agree or reject surveillance; they have no control

Question 8

How do mass surveillance systems: speed cameras, street surveillance systems fit the characteristic of being purposeful?

Answer 8

Aim for road safety, crime reduction, and national security,
“e.g., speed cameras helping control traffic”🚦

Question 9

How do mass surveillance systems: speed cameras, street surveillance systems fit the characteristic of being Routine?

Answer 9

Happens daily during driving, public presence, internet usage.🚗🌍

Question 10

How do mass surveillance systems: speed cameras, street surveillance systems fit the characteristic of being Systematic ?

Answer 10

It targets specific groups like drivers, people in designated areas, internet users, making it structured and organized. 👥

Question 11

How do mass surveillance systems: speed cameras, street surveillance systems fit the characteristic of being Focused ?

Answer 11

It collects data on identifiable individuals, but accuracy varies:
speed cameras capturing vehicle data rather than identifying the driver directly.🎯

Question 12

forms of privacy can potentially clash with a number of values.
Mention three of these factors.

Answer 12

🛑 Security & Accountability 🛑

Accountability → for personal or official actions.
Security → Crime prevention & detection.
Legal Standards → Laws may limit choices.
⚡ Convenience & Services ⚡

Efficiency, convenience → Faster access to services.
Service Access → Requires specific criteria.
Health Monitoring → Tracking health risks.

Question 13

Define singularities and discuss how these singularities are classified

Answer 13

🔹 Singularities
📌 regions where ridge lines form high-curvature shapes.
✅ Three main types: loop - delta - whorl.

Question 14

From your study of fingerprint recognition,
mention three types of fingerprint minutiae

Answer 14

▪ Termination النهاية
▪ Lake البحيرة
▪ Island or point الجزيرة أو النقطة
▪ Spur and crossover. الشوكة والتقاطع

Question 15

define the term “biometric” and explain its two main types.
In your explanation, provide one example for each one of these types.

Answer 15

Biometric
Measurement of human characteristics used for identification in authentication.

Divided into two types:
- Physiological → Fingerprint, iris pattern 👀 🖐️.
- Behavioral → Gait or Signature 🚶‍♂️.

Question 16

Discuss Gait recognition

Answer 16

How a person walks (Behavioral Biometric) 🚶‍♂️.
✅ Advantages:
- Captured from a distance 📏
- Detected without subject’s awareness 🎥

❌ Disadvantages:
* Difficult to capture (needs video analysis) 🎞️
* Computationally expensive (not suitable for real-time) 🖥️

Question 17

Discuss Typing pattern recognition.

Answer 17

How a person types on a keyboard (Behavioral Biometric).
including the pressure applied to each key and the intervals between key taps.

✅ Advantages:
* It has the potential to replace signatures in computer-based activities. ✍️
* not require user cooperation, computer can automatically capture it at login. 🤖

❌ Disadvantage:
* Still under development🛠️

Question 18

Define ridge configurations and state the three different levels of ridge configurations

Answer 18

the way ridge lines, and the valleys are arranged in a fingerprint. 🖐️✨

− 🌍 Global Level
− 📍 Local Level
− 🔬 Micro levels

Question 19

From your study of “Biometrics”, you have seen that turning a raw fingerprint image into a set of minutiae usually requires three main stages of processing. Explain briefly these stages.

Answer 19

1. Binarisation (تحويل للونين فقط) 🖤 🔄
   Converting the greyscale raw fingerprint image into a black and white “binary image”. Where the appropriateness of the threshold is crucial.
2. Thinning (التنحيف) 📏
   Reduces the width of each ridge to one pixel.
3. Minutiae Detection (اكتشاف التفاصيل الدقيقة) 🔍
   Runs a 3×3-pixel window over the thinned fingerprint image to detect black pixels.

Question 20

Biometrics is designated by a set of characteristics. Among these characteristics are the “Distinctiveness” and “Acceptability”. Describe these two characteristics.

Answer 20

• Distinctiveness:
  Indicates how well the biometric separate one individual from another.
• Acceptability:
  Indicates the degree of acceptance of the biometric by the user.

Question 21

In the context of Biometrics, discuss the difference between
identification and authentication

Answer 21

Authentication systems
Confirming whether an individual is who he or she claims to be.
It is therefore a one-to-one comparison process.

Identification systems
Identifying one individual from a population of individuals.
It is therefore a one-to-many comparison process.

Question 22

define Number factorization

Answer 22

All numbers can be decomposed into two or more numbers
that multiply together to make the number.

Question 23

define Prime factorization

Answer 23

Prime factorization when all the factors are prime numbers.

Question 24

define Prime number

Answer 24

Prime numbers have only two factors: 1 and itself.

Question 25

define Compound number

Answer 25

Compound numbers have always more than two factors: 1, itself, and other factors.

Question 26

Define the term “Encryption"

Answer 26

information is changed in some systematic way🔒 to hide its content from everyone except its intended recipient.

Question 27

Define the term “Cryptology”.

Answer 27

The branch of science concerned with the concealment of information 📚

Question 28

Discuss the difference between Cryptography and Cryptanalysis

Answer 28

🔹 Cryptography 🛠️: The science of creating codes and ciphers. 🔹 Cryptanalysis 🔓: The science of breaking them.

Question 29

the "linguistic analysis". In this context, explain this approach and provide two examples to illustrate the idea.

Answer 29

Identifies linguistics pattern in plaintext for textual context All languages have unique patterns. ✅ 'Q' is almost always followed by 'U' . ✅ Frequent letter pairs (Digraphs): ‘th’, ‘ea’, ‘of’, ‘st’ ✅ Common repeated letters: 'ee', 'oo', 'tt'.

Question 30

In Cryptography. “codes” and “ciphers: have different have meanings. From your study, discuss the difference between them.

Answer 30

🔹 Codes: 📝⛓️ الأكواد ✔ Replace words or phrases with alternative symbols (code words). ✔ Not always for secrecy, sometimes used as abbreviations or alternative communication. ✔ Relies on codebooks for encoding and decoding. 🔹 Ciphers: 🔐 الشفرات ✔ Used for encryption by substituting or rearranging symbols. ✔ Follows systematic rules (structured encryption process). ✔ Always used for secrecy and security.

Question 31

explain the operation of “Stream ciphers” (encryption and decryption).

Answer 31

🔹 1. Encryption: 🔐 📌 💻 Stream ciphers encrypt small data segments (bit-by-bit). ✅ Key Features: * Encrypt on-the-fly (during transmission). * Uses a short key ("seed") to generate a long, random key stream. * 🔑 Combines the key stream with plain text using XOR to create ciphertext. 🔹2. Decryption: 🔓 📌 The decryption process mirrors encryption. ✅ Key Features: * Uses the same key stream for decryption “on the fly”. * 🔄 Must be synchronized between sender & receiver. * Ensures each bit or byte is decrypted using the same key.

Question 32

Advantages over the block cipher: 🚀

Answer 32

✅ ⏳ Faster than block ciphers. ✅ Less complex and easier to implement in hardware.

Question 33

Common applications: 📡

Answer 33

✔ when input stream length is unpredictable (e.g., telecommunications). ✔ when input buffering is limited.